Module 1: Atoms and the Periodic Table (PDF)

MODULE 1: ATOMS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE LEC|MTY1101 FIRST SEMESTER | MIDTERM | ACADEMIC YEAR 2023 – 2024 | OWNER: RAPHAEL JOSEPH KHO | BSMT-112 MATTER...

MODULE 1: ATOMS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE LEC|MTY1101 FIRST SEMESTER | MIDTERM | ACADEMIC YEAR 2023 – 2024 | OWNER: RAPHAEL JOSEPH KHO | BSMT-112 MATTER EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES Anything that takes space and has mass Quantity-dependent; depends on amount of matter o E.g. mass and volume HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE MIXTURES INTENSIVE PROPERTIES HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE Quantity-independent; depends on type of MATTER matter o E.g. density, solubility, temperature, ELEMENT color, conductivity PURE SUBSTANCES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES COMPOUND Substance’s change in chemical composition o E.g. rusting, reactivity, flammability MIXTURES Mixture of ≥ 2 substances HISTORY OF THE PERIODIC TABLE HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS DOBEREINER’S TRIAD (1817) Components are evenly Components are Elements w/ same characterestics are distributed unevenly distributed grouped in threes. Average of 1st and 3rd elements = atomic Components are hard Components are EZ to weight (AW) of 2nd element to distinguish distinguish by the eye NEWLANDS’ LAW OF OCTAVES (1866) PURE SUBSTANCES Elements are arranged in increasing atomic Matter is identical althroughout masses 8th element properties = 1st element properties ELEMENT COMPOUND Atoms are identical Made up of more than 2 MENDELEEV’S TABLE (1869) elemets / atoms AW of elements are related to the periodic Consists of 1 atom variation in their properties Fixed ratio Discovery of Gallium (Ek Al); located below aluminum SEPARATING TECHNIQUES HENRY MOSELEY (1894) TECHNIQUE COMPONENTS SEPARATED / Discovered charge of nucleus PROCESS Magnets Metals from non-metals Atomic number ≠ atomic mass Filtration Solid and liquid o # protons = atomic number not Evaporation Liquid → gas atomic mass (# protons + # neutrons) Distillation Liquid → gas → liquid Chromatography Affinity / attraction THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE Flotation Density difference Centrifuge Centrifugal force METALS NON-METALS METALLOIDS Sieve Solid to solid Gives electrons Accepts e- Has properties (e-) of metals and STATES OF MATTER nonmetals Bose-Einstein Condensate COLDEST Solid PERIODIC TRENDS Liquid Gas Plasma HOTTEST PROPERTIES OF MATTER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Substance’s composition does not change o E.g. hardness, malleability Can either be intensive or extensive Lesson 1: Atoms and the Periodic Table | MTY1101 LECTURE | Page 1 ATOMIC RADIUS Distance of between nucleus and valence shell ↑ atomic radius = farther from fluorine ELECTRON AFFINITY Energy released when an atom gains an e- which is dependent on attraction between nucleus and e- ↑ afinity = nearer to fluorine IONIZATION ENERGY Amount of energy sequenced to remove an e- ↑ I.E. = nearer to fluorine ELECTRONEGATIVITY Ability of an atom to attract e- to itself ↑ electronegativity = nearer to fluorine Lesson 1: Atoms and the Periodic Table| MTY1101 | Page 2 Lesson 1: Atoms and the Periodic Table| MTY1101 | Page 3