Clinical Biochemistry PDF

CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY PRESENTED BY DR. SHAHIN ALIZADEH-FANALOU ASSISTANT PROFESSORS IN CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY AT URMIA UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES  IMPORTANCE OF CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY The life of living organisms depends on chemical reactions between their constituent molecules. The study...

CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY PRESENTED BY DR. SHAHIN ALIZADEH-FANALOU ASSISTANT PROFESSORS IN CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY AT URMIA UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES  IMPORTANCE OF CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY The life of living organisms depends on chemical reactions between their constituent molecules. The study of different molecules in human cells and their chemical reactions The main goal of Clinical biochemistry is to fully understand the chemical processes related to living cells at the molecular level If all the reactions inside and outside the cell are carried out optimally, we will say that the person is healthy If the body's reactions are disrupted, disease will occur; Whether it is a reaction or a set of reactions  IMPORTANCE OF CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY ❑ Considering that most diseases result from abnormalities in biochemical molecules, reactions, and processes, biochemistry's importance becomes clear. ❑ The disease has different causes: ✓ Genetic defect (deficiency or lack of glu-6-p dehydrogenase causes Favism) ✓ Acquisition factors ✓ Chemical agents (drugs and poisons) ✓ Physical factors (high temperature, radiation, and electric shock) ✓ Biological agents (viruses, bacteria, and parasites) ✓ lack of food ✓ Therefore, it can be said that clinical biochemistry helps to understand the basis of diseases; If we know the pathophysiology of the diseases, we will be successful in diagnosis and treatment  Importance of clinical biochemistry ❑ Diagnosis of diseases is based on biochemical changes in biological samples including: ❑ Blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, joint fluid ❑ We can diagnose diabetes mellitus by measuring their FBS (Fasting Blood Sugar) ❑ We can diagnose myocardial infarctions (MI) by measuring CK-MB,Troponin I, LDH ❑ We can diagnose kidney and urine tract infections by identifying microbial agents and white blood cells (WBC) in the urine ❑ diseases therapy can be done by interfering with biochemical reactions and processes ❑ Digitalis drug in heart failure by inhibiting the sodium-potassium ATPase pump and increasing intracellular sodium and calcium, increase the strength of heart contractions without increasing the heart rate.  BASICS OF CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY  Biomolecules, macromolecules, supramolecules, organelles, tissues  Water  pH and buffers THE MOST IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF LIVING ORGANISMS WHY DO LIVING THINGS NEED THE SIX ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS (CHNOPS) WHY DO LIVING THINGS NEED THE SIX ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS (CHNOPS) WHY DO LIVING THINGS NEED THE SIX ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS (CHNOPS) Ex. Provide specially shaped molecules that can carry other molecules (hemoglobin carries) WHY DO LIVING THINGS NEED THE SIX ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS (CHNOPS) WHY DO LIVING THINGS NEED THE SIX ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS (CHNOPS)  FUNCTIONAL GROUPS DETERMINE THE PROPERTIES OF BIOMOLECULES  A functional group is a group of atoms in a molecule with distinctive chemical properties, regardless of the other atoms in the molecule.  The atoms in a functional group are linked to each other and the rest of the molecule by covalent bonds.  So it can be said that biomolecules without functional groups will not only not have specific chemical properties, but also will not participate in chemical reactions and complex molecular structures. MACROMOLECULES ARE CREATED FROM THE REACTION BETWEEN THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS OF BIOMOLECULES  The reaction between functional groups has two type  Dehydration or condensation reaction  Hydrolysis reaction  In the dehydration reactions condensation occurs by the removal of water molecules  Ex. Glucose plus fructose forms sucrose through water molecule production  In the hydrolysis reactions breakage occurs through the addition of water molecules  Ex. Sucrose breaks down into glucose and fructose through water consumption  MACROMOLECULES ARE CREATED FROM THE REACTION BETWEEN THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS OF BIOMOLECULES  TYPES OF LINKS BETWEEN THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS  An ether bond is formed between two hydroxyl groups  The bond between the hydroxyl group and sulfhydryl is called thioether  A glycosidic bond or glycosidic linkage is a type of ether bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate  TYPES OF LINKS BETWEEN THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS An ester bond is formed between the hydroxyl and the carboxyl groups Fatty acids are connected to glycerol through an ester bond; finally, they create triacylglycerol (TAG or TG: triglyceride) A thioester bond is formed between the sulfhydryl and the carboxyl groups  TYPES OF LINKS BETWEEN THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS  The phosphodiester bonds (linkage) are formed as the result of the condensation reaction between phosphate groups and hydroxyl groups of two sugar groups  a covalent bond in RNA or DNA that holds a polynucleotide chain together by joining a phosphate group at position 5 in the pentose sugar of one nucleotide to the hydroxyl group at position 3 in the pentose sugar of the next nucleotide  TYPES OF LINKS BETWEEN THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS  The amide bond is synthesized when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, causing the release of a molecule of water (H2O), hence the process is a dehydration synthesis reaction.  If the carboxyl and amine groups are related to amino acids, it will call peptide bonds  Peptide bonds are found in proteins  TYPES OF LINKS BETWEEN THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS  Phosphoanhydride bond is the result of connecting two acidic molecules such as two phosphate groups to each other  The phosphoanhydride bonds (pyrophosphate bond) of ATP, or the bonds between phosphate molecules, are high energy.  TYPES OF LINKS BETWEEN THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS  Disulfide bonds (bridge) or dicysteine bonds are covalent interactions formed between the sulfur atoms of two cysteine residues.  As structural bonds in proteins, disulfide bonds stabilize monomeric and multisubunit proteins  constituting the only natural covalent link between polypeptide strands. HOW DOES SYNTHESIS PROVIDE IMPORTANT ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES USING SIX ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS? HOW DOES SYNTHESIS PROVIDE IMPORTANT ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES USING SIX ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS? HOW DOES SYNTHESIS PROVIDE IMPORTANT ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES USING SIX ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS? HOW DOES SYNTHESIS PROVIDE IMPORTANT ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES USING SIX ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS? HOW DOES SYNTHESIS PROVIDE IMPORTANT ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES USING SIX ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS? HOW DOES SYNTHESIS PROVIDE IMPORTANT ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES USING SIX ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS? HOW DOES SYNTHESIS PROVIDE IMPORTANT ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES USING SIX ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS? HOW DOES SYNTHESIS PROVIDE IMPORTANT ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES USING SIX ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS? HOW DOES SYNTHESIS PROVIDE IMPORTANT ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES USING SIX ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS? HOW DOES SYNTHESIS PROVIDE IMPORTANT ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES USING SIX ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS? HOW DOES SYNTHESIS PROVIDE IMPORTANT ORGANIC MACROMOLECULES USING SIX ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS? WHY ARE ENZYMES NECESSARY FOR LIFE? WHY ARE ENZYMES NECESSARY FOR LIFE? THE MECHANISM OF ENZYME ACTION SUPRAMOLECULES ARE THE RESULT OF NON-COVALENT ASSEMBLY OF MACROMOLECULES  Macromalecules are connected through non-covalent bonds with each other and  Although non-covalent attractions create supramolecules have low energy, due to their  Non-covalent bonds including: abundance, they play the main  Hydrogen bonds; role in the assembly of  electrostatic or ionic attractions; macromolecules and the creation  hydrophobic attractions; of supramolecular structures.  and van der Waals attractions  SUPRAMOLECULES ARE THE RESULT OF NON-COVALENT ASSEMBLY OF MACROMOLECULES  Replisome  Cell membrane  Are assembly of different proteins and DNA  The cell membrane is composed of proteins, lipids, templates for replication of genetic information and carbohydrates  spliceosome  Chromosomes  is a large RNA-protein complex that catalyzes the  Are a complex of DNA macromolecules with histone removal of introns from nuclear pre-mRNA and non-histone proteins  Lipoproteins  Ribosomes  are particles made of protein and fats (lipids).  Are assembly of ribonucleic acids (specially rRNA) and proteins for protein synthesis  They carry cholesterol and TG through the bloodstream to the cells  ORGANELLES ARE SPECIALIZED INTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENTS  Organelles (subcellular components) are  Endoplasmic reticulum:For various reactions in composed of different macromolecules and the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins supramolecules.  Golgi apparatus: To categorize production  Inside each organelle, the conditions needed to compounds and continue the metabolism of proteins carry out certain cellular activities are provided  Lysosomes (digestive system of cells): as a place  Cell nucleus :To store and express genetic of destruction of old organelles and macromolecules information (can have an intracellular and extracellular origin)  Mitochondria: For the catabolism of  Peroxisomes: are specialized for carrying out oxidative reactions using molecular oxygen. They substances during oxidative reactions and in the generate hydrogen peroxide, which they use for direction of energy production oxidative purposes—destroying the excess through the catalase they contain.  ORGANELLES ARE SPECIALIZED INTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENTS  It is important to note that the cytoskeleton is designed to prevent cellular chaos  The cytoskeleton is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells  The cytoskeleton is a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, and it also provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement.  DIFFERENT TISSUES  A eukaryotic cell consists of biomolecules, macromolecules, supramolecules, and various organelles.  A set of cells and different intercellular substances create tissues and organs, each of which has a specific structure and function.  Coordination between different organs for survival is done by hormones and the nervous system