General Chemistry Lec 1 PDF

College of Health and Medical Technologies Anesthesia Department 2024-2025 (Scope of biochemistry in health and disease) General Chemistry-The first stage Lec (1) Dr. Ahmed Jaber Introduc...

College of Health and Medical Technologies Anesthesia Department 2024-2025 (Scope of biochemistry in health and disease) General Chemistry-The first stage Lec (1) Dr. Ahmed Jaber Introduction of biochemistry The word ‘BIOCHEMISTRY’-means-Chemistry of Living beings or Chemical Basis of Life. ‚Life‛ in Biochemistry point of view is: Hundreds of Biochemical reactions and Biochemical processes Occurring in sub cellular organelles of a cell in an organized manner. *Biochemistry is a branch of life science: Which deals with the Study of Biochemical Reactions and Processes Occurring in living cells of organisms. Branches of Biochemistry:- Medical Biochemistry -Deals with chemical basis of human body. Clinical Biochemistry-Deals with clinical diseases/pathological conditions of human body. Bacterial Biochemistry-Deals with Microbes. Plant Biochemistry- Deals with Plants. Animal Biochemistry-Deals with animals. Industrial Biochemistry:- Deals with industrial products involved with microorganisms. Clinical Biochemistry supports: Diagnosis, Therapy and Research of Medical field. *To know the various Biomolecules composed in Human body: Chemistry/Structure Occurrence/Location Functions/Role *Determination of mode of action of Biomolecules is by: Isolation and Structural elucidation of Biomolecules. *Understand completely all the organized Biochemical processes Occurring in living cells at the molecular/sub cellular level. *Identification of disease mechanisms: Study of Inborn Errors of metabolism. Study of Oncogenes in cancer cells. Medical or Human Biochemistry is a branch of Biochemistry which deals with: Biochemical constituents of human body Their interactions in body cells To maintain normal health, growth and reproduction and related diseases. Study of various Biochemical constituents of cell: (Chemistry, properties , functions, metabolism and related disorders). ① Carbohydrates ② Lipids ③ Proteins ④ Vitamins ⑤ Minerals ⑥ Water Metabolism of Biomolecules ① Ingestion ② Digestion ③ Absorption ④ Transport ⑤ Uptake and Assimilation of food constituents in human body. Catabolic and Anabolic pathways related to Biomolecules for Human vitality: Energy rich biomolecules get catabolized in body cells to liberate chemical form of energy ATP used for various body activities. Various biomolecules are biosynthesized to perform vital functions of human body. To maintain normal health of a human body: Biomolecules in human body work Cooperatively with good coordination ,Regulation and Interrelationship.  Roles Of Important Biomolecules *Carbohydrates: serves as primary source of energy. *Lipids: serves as secondary source of energy. *Proteins: are structural and functional units of human body which are of prime importance and survival of human beings. *Vitamins: Fat soluble and Water soluble vitamins have specific functions which serve as accessory growth factors. *Minerals: Inorganic elements major and minor type has important role in building and functioning of human bodies. *Enzymes: are biomolecules which are Biocatalysts catalyzes specific biochemical reactions of metabolic pathways and considered as functional units of metabolism. *Hormones: the Endocrine substances, chemical messengers of human body. They bring good coordination and regulate enzyme activities of metabolism. *Nucleic acids and Molecular Genetics DNA, RNA and Protein synthesis Regulation of gene expression Recombinant DNA technology.  Biochemical Aspects of Health and Disease Healthy body in biochemical point of view is with- Normal metabolic functions in the body cells. Balanced levels of all the biochemical constituents Health depends on a harmonious balance of biochemical reactions occurring in the body Disease reflects abnormalities in biomolecules, biochemical reactions, or biochemical processes in a human body.  Types Of Diseases Due to Biochemical Alterations: *Nutritional Disorders *Inborn Errors of Metabolism *Endocrine/Metabolic Disorders *Genetic/Molecular Disorders *Immunological Disorders  Nutritional Disorders These are disorders caused due to defect in pattern of nutrition: Over Nutrition Under Nutrition example :-Obesity, Iron Deficiency Anemia, and Tetany Endocrine/Metabolic Disorders These disorders are due to defect in Endocrine system. Hypo and Hyper activity of Endocrine organs. Derangement in Hormones which affect the Enzyme activities of metabolic reactions. This in turn causes derangement in metabolism. Example:- Diabetes Mellitus, Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, Addisons Disease, Cushings Syndrome  Genetic/Molecular Disorders These disorders are due to defect in DNA molecule. Gene mutations in structural or regulatory genes Mutated genes on expression leads to structural defective Proteins. Defective structural Proteins in turn affect the functionality of the Proteins leading to disorder. Example:- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Cancer, Sickle Cell Anemia, Thallasemia Immunological Disorders Caused due to defective Immune System, Hypersensitivity Auto immune Disorders-Rheumatoid Arthritis, Multiple Myelomas  Role Of Clinical Biochemistry In Diagnosis Of Diseases In a specific diseased condition there occurs derangements in the hormonal actions Which affects, homeostatic mechanisms and metabolic processes Which in turn alters the normal concentrations of biochemical constituents in body cells and their fluids. Metabolic changes associated with specific disorders may give rise to a changes in the body fluids. Biochemical profile of a particular body fluid is analyzed for example Blood Glucose in Diabetes mellitus; Glucose levels in the cerebrospinal fluid in bacterial meningitis (which are greatly reduced). Hence, specific parameters are looked for in a specific body fluid when a disease is suspected Suspected diseased cases by a physician are investigated for the levels of biochemical parameters In various collected biological specimens viz Blood/plasma/serum/urine/CSF/other body fluids The collected specimens are analyzed in a Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory using various analytical methods to obtain the results. The obtained results are compared with the values with respective normal/reference range. Results are reported to a physician for confirming the diagnosis and treatment of the patient. THANK YOU! ?? ANY QUESTIONS PLEASE ASK