Birth and Physical Development PDF

10/10/2024 1 2 Parturition It is the act or process of giving birth, and it typically begins about 2 weeks before delivery. The uterine contractions that expel the fetus begin—typically about 266 days after conception—as a tighteni...

10/10/2024 1 2 Parturition It is the act or process of giving birth, and it typically begins about 2 weeks before delivery. The uterine contractions that expel the fetus begin—typically about 266 days after conception—as a tightening of the uterus. 3 4 1  10/10/2024 Braxton-Hicks Contractions false contractions at times during the final months of pregnancy or even as early as the second trimester, when the muscles of the uterus tighten for up to 2 minutes. In comparison, real labor contractions are more frequent, rhythmic, and painful, and they increase in frequency and intensity. 5 6 Electronic Fetal Monitoring Can be used to track the fetus’ heartbeat during labor. Monitoring is most commonly done with the use of sensors attached to the woman’s midsection and held in place with an electric belt. The sensors monitor heart rate and alert medical personnel of potentially problematic changes. 7 8 2  10/10/2024 9 10 11 12 3  10/10/2024 Prepared Childbirth Lamaze method – most common model of natural childbirth Method of childbirth that seeks to prevent – Along with a coach who attends classes with her, the woman is trained to pant or breathe pain by eliminating the mother’s fear rapidly in sync with her contractions and to through education about the physiology of concentrate on other sensations to ease the reproduction and training in breathing and perception of pain. relaxation during delivery. – Other methods use mental imagery, massage, gentle pushing, and deep breathing. 13 14 15 16 4  10/10/2024 Natural Childbirth Doula Natural childbirth refers to a birth process In many traditional cultures and increasingly that minimizes or avoids medical in developed countries, interventions, including pain medication, childbearing women are attended by a doula, an epidurals, and surgical procedures. The experienced mentor, goal is to allow labor and delivery to coach, and helper who can furnish emotional proceed without medical interference, support and information relying on the body's natural ability to give and can stay at a woman’s bedside throughout labor. birth. 17 18 19 20 5  10/10/2024 Neonatal period 1. Size and Appearance Average size: 20 inches; 7½ pounds (3½ kg); boys tend to be slightly longer and the first 4 weeks of life heavier than girls. is a time of transition from the uterus, Firstborn child is likely to weigh less at where a fetus is supported entirely by the birth than laterborns. mother, to an independent existence. 21 22 Large head (one-fourth the body length) and a receding chin (which makes it easier to nurse). Presence of fontanels where the bones of the skull do not meet. Fontanels are covered by a tough membrane that allows for flexibility in shape, which eases the passage of the neonate through the vaginal canal. 23 24 6  10/10/2024 A pinkish cast; their skin is so thin that it barely covers the capillaries through which blood flows Some are very hairy because some of the lanugo, a fuzzy prenatal hair, has not yet fallen off. Almost all new babies are covered with vernix caseosa (“cheesy varnish”), an oily protection against infection that dries within the first few days. 25 26 “Witch’s milk,” a secretion that sometimes leaks from the swollen breasts of newborn boys and girls around the 3rd day of life. Like the whitish or blood-tinged vaginal discharge of some new born girls, this fluid emission results from high levels of the hormone estrogen, which is secreted by the placenta just before birth and goes away within a few days or weeks. A newborn, especially if premature, also may have swollen genitals. 27 28 7  10/10/2024 2. Body Systems A newborn must start breathing for itself. Most babies start to breathe as soon as they are exposed to air. If a neonate does not begin breathing within about 5 minutes, the baby may suffer permanent brain injury caused by anoxia, lack of oxygen, or hypoxia, a reduced oxygen supply. 29 30 3. Medical and Behavioral Assessment 31 32 8  10/10/2024 Apgar Scale One minute after delivery and then again 5 minutes after birth, most babies are assessed using the Apgar scale. Developed by Dr. Virginia Apgar (1953). Five subtests: appearance (color), pulse (heart rate), grimace (reflex irritability), activity (muscle tone), and respiration (breathing) 33 34 The Brazelton Scale 4. States of Arousal The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Periodic cycles of wakefulness, sleep, and activity, which govern an infant’s state of arousal, or degree Assessment Scale (NBAS; Brazelton, 1973) of alertness, seem to be inborn and highly is used to assess neonates’ responsiveness individual. The establishment of “stable and distinct” states of to their environment, to identify strengths arousal is associated with newborn health and and vulnerabilities in neurological positive outcomes because they are a marker of neurological organization. For example, infants functioning, and to predict future who showed more organized sleep patterns early development. in life had better motor and cognitive performance at 18 to 24 months of age. 35 36 9  10/10/2024 37 38 Low birth weight There are two types of LBW babies: – Babies born before the 37th week of gestation are known as preterm (premature) Low-birth-weight babies (LBW) are those infants. Being born early is closely neonates born weighing less than 2,500 associated, as might be expected, with being grams (5 pounds) at birth. smaller than a full-term infant. – Some babies, known as small-for-date (small for-gestational-age) infants, are born at or around their due dates but are smaller than would be expected. 39 40 10  10/10/2024 Postmaturity Postmature is a fetus not yet born as of 2 weeks after the due date or 42 weeks after the mother’s last menstrual period. Postmature babies tend to be long and thin because they have kept growing in the womb but have had an insufficient blood supply toward the end of gestation. 41 42 Stillbirth the sudden death of a fetus at or after the 20th week of gestation, is a tragic union of opposites—birth and death. Sometimes fetal death is diagnosed prenatally; in other cases, the baby’s death is discovered during labor or delivery. 43 44 11  10/10/2024 45 46 Cephalocaudal Principle growth occurs from the top down. 47 48 12  10/10/2024 Proximodistal Principle inner to outer Growth and motor development proceed from the center of the body outward. In the womb, the head and trunk develop before the arms and legs, then the hands and feet, and then the fingers and toes. During infancy and early childhood, the limbs continue to grow faster than the hands and feet. 49 50 Physical Growth Reflex Behavior Children grow faster during the first 3 years, automatic, innate response to stimulation especially during the first few months, than they ever will again. This rapid growth tapers off during the 2nd and 3rd years. As a baby grows into a toddler, body shape and proportions change too; a 3-year-old typically is slender compared with a chubby, potbellied 1-year-old. 51 52 13  10/10/2024 53 54 Babies first learn simple skills and then combine them into increasingly complex systems of action, which permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more effective control of the environment. 55 56 14  10/10/2024 Denver Developmental Screening Test is used to chart progress between ages 1 month and 6 years and to identify children who are not developing normally. 57 58 The test measures gross motor skills (those using large muscles), such as rolling over and catching a ball, and fine motor skills (using small muscles), such as grasping a rattle and copying a circle. It also assesses language development (for example, knowing the definitions of words) and personality and social development (such as smiling spontaneously and dressing without help). 59 60 15  10/10/2024 Depth Perception the ability to perceive objects and surfaces in three dimensions, depends on several kinds of cues that affect the image of an object on the retina of the eye. 61 62 Haptic Perception involves the ability to acquire information by handling objects rather than just looking at them. This includes putting objects in the mouth—a common means of exploration in infancy. 63 64 16  10/10/2024 Task Performance: Where to Lay You Down to Sleep? Sleep Customs Across the World 65 66 Task Performance: Where to Lay You Down to Sleep? Sleep Customs Across the World By pair 1 whole yellow pad Answer the following questions: 1. What are the cultural messages being transmitted to infants when they are asked to sleep in their own beds versus co-sleeping? 2. Research of other childcare practices that transmit cultural messages to children. 67 68 17  10/10/2024 QUIZ next meeting 69 70 71 72 18  10/10/2024 Task Performance: Timing of Influence Activity: Express Your Thoughts 1. Discuss what Imprinting is according to Lorenz. Among the three models of training 2. Explicate how it influences development. available today—the traditional, middle-of- the-road Boulder model; the Vail model, emphasizing clinical skills; and the clinical By pair. scientist model, emphasizing empiricism, 1 yellow pad which one should be applied to/followed Limit your answers to 15 to 20 sentences per question. by schools offering clinical psychology Submit next meeting. program? 73 74 Activity: Critical Thinking Activity: Compare and Contrast Lightner Witmer originally defined clinical 1. ½ crosswise psychology as a discipline with similarities to medicine, education, and sociology. In your opinion, to what extent does contemporary clinical psychology remain similar to these fields? 75 76 19