Chapter 03: Assessment for Community Oral Health Program Planning PDF

Chapter 03: Assessment for Community Oral Health Program Planning Beatty: Community Oral Health Practice for the Dental Hygienist, 5th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Congenitally missing teeth, cancer, and cleft lip are considered examples of which of the following determinants of health? a. Environment...

Chapter 03: Assessment for Community Oral Health Program Planning Beatty: Community Oral Health Practice for the Dental Hygienist, 5th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Congenitally missing teeth, cancer, and cleft lip are considered examples of which of the following determinants of health? a. Environmental b. Biologic and genetic c. Access to care d. Individual behavior ANS: B Age, sex, inherited conditions, family history of a condition, and birth defects are examples of biologic and genetic determinants of health. DIF: Recall REF: p. 55|Box 3.4 OBJ: 6 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 2. Changing perspectives of health in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries include all except which of the following? a. Changes in the professional ethos b. Migration of populations c. Shift in third-party reimbursement d. Teledentistry ANS: C The result of many factors, the paradigm shift in the perspectives of health in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, includes changes in professional ethos, a migration of populations, and teledentistry. A shift in third-party reimbursement is not among them. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 54|Box 3.3 OBJ: 5 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 3. Which of the following ensures that graduates from schools and programs of public health accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH) have mastered the knowledge and skills relevant to contemporary public health? a. Certified Health Education Specialist (CHES) b. Master Certified Health Education Specialist (MCHES) c. National Board of Public Health Examiners (NBPHE) d. Centers for Public Health Preparedness ANS: C The Certified in Public Health (CPH) examination, established and administered by the National Board of Public Health Examiners (NBPHE), ensures competency of graduates from public health schools and programs accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH). The National Commission for Health Education Credentialing, Inc. (NCHEC) provides a Certified Health Education Specialist (CHES) certification and an advanced credentialing, the Master Certified Health Education Specialist (MCHES). DIF: Recall REF: p. 50 OBJ: 1 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 4. Which of the following is one of the ten domains of knowledge in the national examination written by the National Board of Public Health Examiners (NBPHE)? a. Sources of Funding b. Collaboration with Local Agencies c. Identifying Social Issues d. Program Management ANS: D This national examination covers ten domains or knowledge areas relevant to contemporary public health and offered in CEPH-accredited schools and programs. In 2019 the domains were: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health (10%), Program Planning and Evaluation (10%), Communication (10%), Program Management (10%), Leadership (10%), Policy in Public Health (10%), Law and Ethics (10%), Health Equity and Social Justice (10%), Public Health Biology and Human Disease Risk (10%), and Collaboration and Partnership (10%). DIF: Recall REF: p. 50|Figure 3.1 OBJ: 1 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 5. Which three core public health functions have been identified that shape the basic practice of health at the federal, state, and local levels? a. Partnerships, health issues, resources b. Assessment, policy development, assurance c. Public health policies, programs, practices d. Health concerns, data, outcomes ANS: B The three core public health functions are assessment, policy development, and assurance. These shape the basic practice of public health at the federal, state, and local levels. Health agencies and health departments must perform these functions to protect and promote health, wellness, and quality of life and to prevent disease, injury, disability, and death. DIF: Recall REF: p. 51 OBJ: 2 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 6. Epidemiology in public health has many uses EXCEPT which of the following? a. Evaluate a community topical fluoride application program. b. Dental fee increases by zip code. c. Describe the use of chewing gum among American Indians. d. Predict morbidity. ANS: B Epidemiology can be used to provide different types of data and information. Epidemiologists in public health agencies are responsible for surveillance, investigation, analysis, and evaluation of health. It would be used to evaluate services, measure the habits of a given population, and predict diseases, disabilities, injuries, and deaths. It is not used to determine dental fee structures. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 53|Box 3.2 OBJ: 4 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 7. Which of the following is the regular and systematic collection, assemblage, analysis, and communication on the health of the community? a. Epidemiology b. Assessment c. The mandala of health d. The planning cycle ANS: B Assessment, also referred to as needs assessment, includes statistics on health status and trends, community health needs, epidemiologic and other studies of health problems, determinants of health, and related factors. DIF: Recall REF: p. 51 OBJ: 2 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 8. The “epidemiologic triangle” depicts disease as the outcome of the interactions among which of the following? a. Population, occurrences, and determinants b. Population dynamics, place characteristics, and time c. Host, agent, and environmental factors d. Distribution, affected population, and determinants ANS: C Epidemiology is based on a multifactorial approach, with consideration given to the interacting relationships among host factors, agent factors, and environmental factors. DIF: Recall REF: p. 53|Box 3.2 OBJ: 4 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 9. Which of the following is true of host factors when studying epidemiology? a. The host must be a person or animal; it cannot be a plant. b. The vector is the host. c. Host factors relate primarily to susceptibility and resistance to disease. d. Host factors are the biologic or mechanical means of causing disease. ANS: C Host factors relate primarily to susceptibility and resistance to disease through biologic immunity, knowledge and cognition, behavior modification, screening, and personal power. The host may be a person, an animal, or a plant. A vector is an agent, not a host. Agent factors are the biologic or mechanical means of causing disease, illness, injury, or disability. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 53|Figure 3.4 OBJ: 4 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 10. Most oral diseases such as dental caries and periodontitis are _________ in the U.S. population. a. endemic b. epidemic c. pandemic d. incidence ANS: A Most oral diseases such as dental caries and periodontitis are endemic in the U.S. population. Common terms that describe the occurrence of disease in the population are endemic, epidemic, and pandemic. The ideal is the eradication of a disease, which requires a firm understanding of the causative agents and factors. DIF: Recall REF: p. 53 OBJ: 4 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 11. Each of the following is a principal factor analyzed in epidemiology EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Distribution b. Return on investment c. Occurrences d. Determinants ANS: B The principal factors analyzed in epidemiology are as follows: distribution, population dynamics, occurrences, affected population, place characteristics, time, and determinants. DIF: Recall REF: pp. 52-53 OBJ: 4 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 12. Which of the following factors that influence the health of individuals and populations is considered to be a contributor to well-being rather than a broader determinant of health? a. Social justice and equity b. Culture and race relations c. Meaningful work d. Employment ANS: C Language, learning, meaningful work, recreation, self-esteem, and personal control are considered contributors to well-being. Employment, educational levels, environmental state, income, economic factors, shelter, food, social justice and equity, relationships with family and friends, social supports, peace and safety, culture and race relations are all factors generally recognized as broader determinants of health. DIF: Recall REF: p. 54 OBJ: 5 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 13. Biologic or mechanical means of causing disease, illness, injury, or disability is which of the following factors in the epidemiologic triangle? a. Environmental b. Host c. Agent d. Human ANS: C Agent factors are the biologic or mechanical means of causing disease, illness, injury, or disability, such as microbial, parasitic, viral, or bacterial pathogens or vectors; physical or mechanical irritants; chemicals; drugs; trauma; and radiation. Biology, marketing, engineering, regulations, and legislation can influence agent factors. DIF: Recall REF: p. 53 OBJ: 4 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 14. Which of the following is considered to be a physical rather than social determinant of health? a. Income b. Housing c. Education d. Access to health care ANS: B Physical determinants include our natural and built environments. Exposure to natural toxins or to human-made pollutants and substandard housing are examples of physical determinants that can adversely affect health. Social determinants include family, community, income, education, gender, race or ethnicity, place of residence, and access to health care, among others. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 55|Box 3.4 OBJ: 6 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 15. Which of the following is true of current theories regarding determinants of health? a. Individuals can directly control many determinants of health. b. Biology and genetic determinants include ramps and sidewalk cuts to accommodate individuals with physical disabilities. c. Multicausal perspectives of health and disease have taken precedence. d. Monocausal perspectives of health and disease have taken precedence. ANS: C Many models describing the multiple factors that influence the extensive dimensions of health in individuals and populations were developed in the second half of the twentieth century as multicausal perspectives of health and disease began to take precedence over monocausal models. The concept of a “web of causation” emerged as multifactorial perspectives grew. The far-reaching range of multiple factors that contribute to the health status of individuals and populations has come to be referred to as determinants of health. Individuals are unlikely to be able to directly control many determinants of health. Ramps and sidewalk cuts are social rather than biologic and genetic determinants of health. DIF: Application REF: p. 55 OBJ: 6 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 16. The context of people’s lives influences their health. Individuals are likely to be able to control many of the determinants of health directly. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true; the second statement is false. d. The first statement is false; the second statement is true. ANS: C Whether people are healthy or not is determined largely by circumstances and environment, and the context of people's lives influences their health. Individuals are unlikely to be able to control many of the determinants of health directly. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 54 OBJ: 6 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 17. Which of the following correctly depicts the steps in the program planning process? a. Implement, evaluate, plan, assess b. Evaluate, implement, assess, plan c. Plan, assess, implement, evaluate d. Assess, plan, implement, evaluate ANS: D The program planning process is a model commonly used in public health practice; it provides a basic flowchart of steps to 1) assess a community to identify the primary health issues, 2) plan a measurable process and outcome objectives to measure progress in addressing the health issues, 3) select and plan effective health interventions to help achieve the objectives, 4) implement the selected health interventions, and 5) evaluate the selected interventions based on objectives and use the evaluation results to improve the oral health program. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 56 OBJ: 7 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 18. Embedded into the basic planning cycle is a framework for which of the following? a. Community health improvement process b. Community oral health planning c. Mandala of health d. Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors seven-step model ANS: B A framework for a community oral health improvement process is embedded into the basic planning cycle. The community health improvement process has been described as a comprehensive approach for communities to achieve sustained improvements in community health. The community oral health assessment is one component of a community oral health improvement process. DIF: Comprehension REF: pp. 56-57 OBJ: 7 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 19. The correct order for implementing a community oral health assessment is which of the following? a. Determine the need for primary data collection, collect existing data from secondary sources, communicate and publicize findings, analyze and interpret the data. b. Collect existing data from secondary sources, determine the need for primary data collection, communicate and publicize findings, analyze and interpret the data. c. Determine the need for primary data collection, collect existing data from secondary sources, analyze and interpret the data, communicate and publicize findings. d. Collect existing data from secondary sources, determine the need for primary data collection, analyze and interpret the data, communicate and publicize findings. ANS: D The correct order is collecting data from existing sources, determining the necessity for primary data collection (planning and collecting primary data), analyzing and interpreting the data (identifying critical oral health issues and selecting priorities), and communicating and publicizing the findings. DIF: Application REF: pp. 58, 64|Figure 3.9 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 20. Which of the following is important in secondary data collection? a. Narrowing the focus so that time is not wasted in conducting a broad search. b. Assessing the information so a decision can be made about the collection of new information from primary sources. c. Carefully compiling information from primary sources. d. Understanding the anticipated outcome. ANS: B A standard element of an assessment is the compilation and synthesis of existing data from secondary sources. These secondary sources will likely provide much of the needed information, but generally some gaps exist in the available data. Thus, after existing information is assessed, a decision can be made about the collection of new information from primary sources. These activities that are undertaken to achieve the goals of the assessment must be refined continually as information is collected and in light of available resources. DIF: Recall REF: p. 60 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 21. Which is an example of qualitative data rather than quantitative data? a. History of a community b. Number of schools in a county c. Live births d. Employment statistics ANS: A Quantitative data refer to information that is objective and measurable. Qualitative data refer to information that cannot be numerically measured or analyzed; rather, the quality or nature of factors influencing a health problem is reflected. Qualitative data add meaning to the quantitative data and help answer questions of why problems exist in communities. Examples of these data are information gathered from personal interviews, participant observations, focus groups, descriptions of traditions, and the history of a community. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 61 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 22. Which of the following functions does a community health assessment provide in regard to disparities and inequities among population groups? a. Analyze b. Rationalize c. Quantify d. Justify ANS: C Community health assessment efforts can evaluate determinants of health, assess needs and assets, measure preventable disease, injury, disability, and death, and quantify disparities and inequities among population groups. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 65 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 23. Quantitative data refer to which of the following? a. Information that cannot be numerically measured or analyzed b. Descriptions of traditions and the history of a community c. Information that is objective and measurable d. The amount of data collected ANS: C Quantitative data are objective and measurable. The data can be expressed in a quantity or amount. These data numerically represent the size of a problem and determine its statistical significance. DIF: Recall REF: p. 61 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 24. Which of the following is an example of quantitative rather than qualitative data? a. Information gleaned from personal interviews b. Descriptions of traditions and the history of a community c. The percentage of children with dental sealants d. Information gathered from participant observations or focus groups ANS: C Quantitative data can be expressed in a quantity or amount—for example, the percentage of children with dental sealants or the percentage of children or adults with untreated tooth decay. DIF: Application REF: p. 61 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 25. Which of the following is an example of qualitative data? a. Number of births b. Incidence of disease c. Employment statistics d. Information from personal interviews ANS: D Qualitative data refer to information that cannot be numerically measured or analyzed but reflect the quality or nature of factors influencing a health problem. Data may include information gleaned from personal interviews, descriptions of traditions and the history of a community, and information gathered from participant observation or focus groups. DIF: Application REF: p. 61 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 26. A city ordinance that prohibits smoking in a public restaurant is an example of which type of Determinant of Health? a. Social Determinant of Health b. Health Services Determinants of Health c. Individual Behavior Determinant of Health d. Policymaking Determinant of Health ANS: D Policymaking determinants of health are defined as: Local, state, and federal level laws and regulations that affect individual and population health. Examples include: a city ordinance that prohibits smoking in public and government buildings to prevent second-hand smoke inhalation: state law requirement that seat belts be worn in cars to protect people in the event of a car accident: and community water fluoridation to prevent dental caries. DIF: Application REF: p. 55|Box 3.4 OBJ: 6 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 27. Each of following is part of the epidemiologic triangle EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Environmental factors b. Retrospective factors c. Host factors d. Agent factors ANS: B Epidemiology is based on a multifactorial approach, with consideration given to the interacting relationships among host factors, agent factors, and environmental factors. Disease or health status depends on multiple factors such as exposure to a specific agent, the strength of the agent, susceptibility of the host, and environmental conditions. Health represents a general balance among these factors. Health problems occur when the balance is threatened by changes in the host, agent, or environment over time. DIF: Recall REF: p. 53|Figure 3.4 OBJ: 4 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 28. When determining the necessity of primary data collection, a decision to determine the need for additional data and information should be based on a reevaluation and possible refinement of the assessment goals, an analysis of the findings from the existing data sources, and which of the following? a. Available resources to support future assessment activities b. A marketing study c. A follow-up survey after 2-3 years d. An analysis of the reasons for percentage gains or losses ANS: A When determining the need for additional data and information, the decision should be based on a reevaluation and possible refinement of the assessment goals, an analysis of the findings from existing data sources, and available resources to support future assessment activities. The members of the advisory committee determine and prioritize information needs and evaluate alternative methods of data collection. DIF: Recall REF: p. 61 OBJ: 9 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs, 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 29. When it is necessary to collect original data, components for a work plan include objectives, activities, roles, responsibilities, and which of the following? a. Results b. Materials and methods, and discussion c. Budget and timetable d. Outcomes and conclusions ANS: C When it is necessary to collect original data, the partners develop a work plan that outlines objectives, activities, roles, responsibilities, a budget, and a timetable. After the scope of the assessment has been determined, methods can be selected and criteria defined in preparation for the primary data collection phase. DIF: Recall REF: p. 61 OBJ: 9 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives, 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 30. When analyzing and interpreting data during an assessment, partners can call upon local community members to enlist their expertise and assistance in which of the following? a. Obtaining grants and funding b. Conducting health fairs and community activities c. Gathering data and information about population demographics d. Validating impressions and interpretations of the data examined for assessment ANS: D Partners can call upon local community members to enlist their expertise and assistance in validating impressions and interpretations of the data examined for the assessment. Analysis and interpretations of data often require knowledge and experience, and this is where the backgrounds and experiences of community members, representatives of partnering organizations, and professionals in the community are invaluable. DIF: Recall REF: pp. 58, 62|Figure 3.9 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs, 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 31. Which of the following is the first step in analyzing and interpreting both primary and secondary data for a community oral health assessment? a. Compare data with other data b. Assess the significance of the data collected c. Synthesize the information and summarize the findings d. Provide direction for future actions to build on community assets ANS: C The initial step is to synthesize the information and summarize the findings. Data collected must be analyzed to determine meaning and significance. A critique of each data source is required to assess its trustworthiness. The partners must consider the limitations of the data and data sources by checking for potential errors or biases. DIF: Recall REF: pp. 58, 62|Figure 3.9 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs, 3.0 Analyzing Scientific Literature, Understanding Statistical Concepts, and Applying Research Results 32. A mathematical model is used to calculate relationships among quantitative variables in order to accomplish which of the following? a. b. c. d. Analyze textual data collected from transcripts or interviews Determine statistical significance Identify a thematic framework Assess common or unique themes ANS: B The term significance means that the resulting information truly reflects that a problem exists in a community. Studying the data for significance involves identifying any possible misleading findings before conclusions can be drawn from the findings. An abundance of data that combines different types of data allows for a more accurate and meaningful determination of the significance of the findings. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 62 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 33. Which of the following describes the findings of an assessment? a. An assessment should be considered privileged information and should not be discussed publicly. b. An assessment should be limited to professional journals and communication. c. An assessment should be published and distributed widely to various community members. d. An assessment should be distributed as an executive summary but not as a full report. ANS: C An assessment should be published and distributed widely with the use of diverse channels of communication available such as public forums, news conferences, publications, electronic media, and social media. Components of a report can include an abstract, a statement of purpose, materials and methods used, results, a discussion, conclusions, and a summary. An executive summary and a full report may be useful to communicate the findings. DIF: Recall REF: p. 63 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 34. The assessment process should be which of the following? a. Evaluated throughout the health assessment process b. Evaluated only when the health assessment process is complete c. Evaluated only as a “look back” when time has proven the validity or lack thereof of the results d. Is not evaluated ANS: A Throughout the oral health assessment process, the collaborating partners should, on a systematic basis, step back and evaluate the process. Allowing time for evaluation along the way can provide opportunity to implement changes and to improve the process. DIF: Recall REF: pp. 58, 64|Figure 3.9 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 35. Which of the following is the next phase of the community oral health improvement process after the assessment is complete? a. Determining the social impact of oral diseases b. Development of an oral health improvement plan c. Deciding whether health care is a right or a privilege d. Evaluating future trends for public health workers ANS: B Oral health improvement strategies can be developed to address the prioritized oral health issues outlined in the oral health assessment. Concrete goals, objectives, policies, and programs can be planned and implemented based on the findings, evidence, best practices, and priorities from the oral health assessment. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 64 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 36. A community oral health assessment is virtually useless unless which of the following occurs? a. It is published the same year as the assessment is performed. b. It is funded by the federal government. c. The information is used to develop and implement evidence-based oral health strategies. d. It is cited in journals and textbooks. ANS: C It is virtually useless unless the information is used to develop and implement evidence-based oral health strategies. DIF: Application REF: p. 64 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 37. The Certified in Public Health (CPH) credential was developed and is administered by which of the following? a. National Board of Public Health Examiners (NBPHE) b. Academy of Public Health Dentistry (APHD) c. American Dental Hygienists’ Association (ADHA) d. American Dental Association (ADA) ANS: A The Certified in Public Health (CPH) examination, established and administered by the National Board of Public Health Examiners (NBPHE), ensures competency of graduates from public health schools and programs accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH). This national examination covers ten domains or knowledge areas relevant to contemporary public health and offered in CEPH-accredited schools and programs. DIF: Recall REF: p. 50 OBJ: 1 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs 38. The Certified Health Education Specialist (CHES) certification is offered by which of the following organizations? a. National Board of Public Health Examiners (NBPHE) b. National Commission for Health Education Credentialing, Inc. (NCHEC) c. American Dental Hygienists’ Association (ADHA) d. American Dental Association (ADA) ANS: B The National Commission for Health Education Credentialing, Inc. (NCHEC) provides a Certified Health Education Specialist (CHES) certification and an advanced credentialing, the Master Certified Health Education Specialist (MCHES). DIF: Recall REF: p. 50 OBJ: 1 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs 39. The science and art of preventing and controlling dental diseases and promoting dental health through organized community efforts is the definition of which of the following? a. Dental public health b. Curriculum of dental hygiene c. Public health assessment d. Dental epidemiology ANS: A Dental public health is the science and art of preventing and controlling dental diseases and promoting dental health through organized community efforts. It is that form of dental practice that serves the community as a patient rather that the individual. It is concerned with the dental health education of the public, with applied dental research, and with the administration of group dental care programs as well as the prevention and control of dental diseases on a community basis. DIF: Recall REF: p. 50 OBJ: 1 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs 40. The American Dental Education Association (ADEA) competencies and Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA) accreditation standards for dental hygiene place significant emphasis on which of the following? a. Independent practice b. Community oral health c. Health advocacy d. Collaboration ANS: B ADEA competencies and CODA accreditation standards for dental hygiene have greater emphasis on community oral health than predoctoral dental education programs. According to the CODA standards, dental hygiene graduates must be able to assess the needs of a community, plan and implement an oral health program, and evaluate its effectiveness. DIF: Recall REF: p. 50 OBJ: 1 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs 41. Which of the following considers the interactions and relationships among the multiple factors that influence health status and health problems? a. Community clinic administrator b. Community planner c. Public health administrator d. Epidemiologist ANS: D Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in specified populations and the application of this study to the prevention and control of health problems. Epidemiologists consider the interactions and relationships among the multiple factors that influence health status and health problems. DIF: Recall REF: p. 52 OBJ: 4 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs 42. Community Health Assessment from the Minnesota Department of Health, Community Health Assessment from the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Public Health, and Community Health Assessment and Group Evaluation (CHANGE) from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) are examples of which of the following? a. Community health services b. Community health assessment models c. Initiatives of Healthy People 2010 d. Epidemiology studies ANS: B Community Health Assessment from the Minnesota Department of Health, Community Health Assessment from the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Public Health, and Community Health Assessment and Group Evaluation (CHANGE) from the CDC are examples of community health assessment models. Dental hygienists working within the public, private, or nonprofit sectors must have skills to assess community oral health problems, as well as to evaluate outcomes of population-based and personal oral health services. Dental hygienists working in community settings generally participate in a variety of assessment and evaluation activities. DIF: Recall REF: p. 58|Box 3.5 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 43. Which of the following is the first phase in the Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors (ASTDD) Seven-Step Assessment Model? a. Complete a Self-Assessment to Establish the Purpose of the Community Needs Assessment. b. Cultivate Partnerships and Select an Advisory Committee c. Design and Organize the Needs Assessment d. Collect Data ANS: B The first phase of the community needs assessment is to cultivate partnerships and select an advisory committee. Looking to the public, private, and nonprofit sectors will offer opportunities for potential champions of the assessment mission and process. A community partnership is an arrangement between or among agencies, organizations, businesses, and people that collaborate and combine resources to work toward a unified, common goal. DIF: Application REF: p. 58|Figure 3.9 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 44. Which of the following phases in the Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors (ASTDD) Seven-Step Assessment Model provides summative evaluation to close the loop and create a continual assessment process? a. Evaluate the Needs Assessment b. Organize, Review, and Analyze the Data c. Collect Data d. Complete a Self-Assessment to Establish the Purpose of the Community Needs Assessment ANS: A After phases 1 through 6 have been completed, there is a need to review and evaluate the needs assessment in Phase 7. The evaluation process provides the advisory committee the opportunity to determine whether the original goals of the needs assessment were met, decide if problems arose in the assessment process that should be addressed in future assessments, and make improvements to the needs assessment process for the future. DIF: Application REF: pp. 58-64|Figure 3.9 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. Which of the following is true of the set of core competencies for public health professionals developed by the Council on Linkages between Academia and Public Health Practice? (Select all that apply.) a. They are intended for academic institutions to develop curricula and course content and were not meant to be used in public health settings. b. The competencies are divided into eight domains. c. This effort of the council focuses on core competencies that transcend specific disciplines and help to unify the public health professions. d. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have used the core competencies that were developed by the Council on Linkages between Academia and Public Health Practice. ANS: B, C, D The competencies are divided into eight domains. These competencies guide academic institutions and training providers to develop curricula and course content and to evaluate public health education and training programs. The core competencies were crafted to transcend the boundaries of specific disciplines, to help unify the public health professions and to assure that necessary skills are built for the provision of these services. Academic institutions and health departments nationwide, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Centers for Public Health Preparedness (CPHP), and the HRSA-funded Public Health Training Centers have used the core competencies to extend capacity and to ensure that public health professionals have expertise in key public health services. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 50 OBJ: 1 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 2. Assessment outcomes should provide which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. A summary highlighting key findings b. An inventory of community assets and resources c. No explanation of the limitations of the data because doing so may confuse the intended audience d. It should have an abstract, but should not contain any of these: purpose, materials and methods, discussion, or conclusion ANS: A, B The assessment outcomes should be communicated in a straightforward manner. To this end, it is important to prepare an executive summary that succinctly highlights key findings. The advisory committee should present the findings from the data collected and analyzed and share information about the overall assessment quest in a report similar to a research report. Components of a report can include a statement of the purpose, materials and methods used to conduct the assessment, results, a discussion of the significance of the findings, conclusions, a summary, and an abstract. The report should include the outcomes of the inventory of community assets and resources to note their availability and limitations. It is helpful to illustrate the findings through charts, graphs, tables, and maps. In addition, partners can provide the audience with a frame of reference to show how the community data compare or contrast with similar local, state, or national data. It is vital also to explain the limitations of the data. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 63 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 3. Which of the following is true concerning the role of community partners in identifying critical oral health issues and selecting priorities? (Select all that apply.) a. Community partners should evaluate the community’s assets and resources to create a shared vision of change. b. Community partners should be actively involved in all aspects of determining and prioritizing the critical issues. c. Community partners must reach a consensus about long- and short-term solutions to address the identified oral health problems. d. Program planning, education, and advocacy is part of Phase 5 ANS: A, C The identified assets, gaps, needs, problems, resources, solutions, and partnerships in the community should be considered, and the advisory committee should communicate the community’s assets and resources to create a shared vision of change. Greater creativity is encouraged when community partners are engaged in building capacity to address problems and obstacles. It also helps to promote consensus among community partners about possible long-term and short-term solutions to address the identified oral health problems. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 64 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 4. Which of the following is true concerning current conceptual models of the determinants of health? (Select all that apply.) a. Monocausal models have taken precedence over multicausal perspectives of health and disease. b. The epidemiologic triangle model has waned. c. The concept of a “web of causation” emerged as multifactorial perspectives grew. d. The epidemiologic triangle model as waxed, or re-emerged as the predominant theory for epidemiologists. ANS: B, C The epidemiologic triangle model waned as the emphasis on infectious diseases diminished in the latter part of the century. The concept of a “web of causation” emerged as multifactorial perspectives grew, with attention focused on the various determinants of chronic diseases, disabilities, and injuries. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 54 OBJ: 6 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 5. Community health is affected by which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Social changes b. Politics c. Insurance reimbursement d. Changes in technology e. Economics ANS: A, B, D, E Community health is affected by social, demographic, political, economic, and technologic changes. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 49 OBJ: 1 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.1 Assessing Populations and Defining Objectives 6. Public health professionals can belong to many professional disciplines, including which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Phrenology b. Massage therapy c. Administration d. Laboratory science e. Epidemiology ANS: C, D, E Public health services incorporate the roles of a myriad of public health professionals in various sectors and from diverse disciplines that form the public health workforce in the United States, including: oral health, nursing, nutrition, social work, health promotion, laboratory science, environmental health, administration, and epidemiology. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 49 OBJ: 1 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 7. Subject areas of the Certified in Public Health (CPH) National Certification Examination include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Health Equity and Social Justice b. Law and Ethics c. Charting d. Communication e. Assessment protocol ANS: A, B, D In 2019 the domains were: Evidence-Based Approaches to Public Health (10%), Program Planning and Evaluation (10%), Communication (10%), Program Management (10%), Leadership (10%), Policy in Public Health (10%), Law and Ethics (10%), Health Equity and Social Justice (10%), Public Health Biology and Human Disease Risk (10%), and Collaboration and Partnership (10%). DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 50|Figure 3.1 OBJ: 1 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 8. Principal factors analyzed in epidemiology are which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Time b. Clinical proficiency c. Distribution d. Occurrences e. Barriers to care ANS: A, C, D The principal factors analyzed in epidemiology are as follows: distribution, population dynamics, occurrences, affected population, place characteristics, time, and determinants. DIF: Comprehension REF: pp. 52-53 OBJ: 4 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 9. Environmental factors considered in epidemiology are which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Housing b. Psychologic patterns c. Sociocultural d. Sociopolitical ANS: A, C, D Environmental factors include physical, sociocultural, sociopolitical, and economic components. The media, beliefs, occupations, food sources, geography, climate, housing, social roles, technology, and other factors can influence environmental conditions. DIF: Comprehension REF: p. 53|Figure 3.4 OBJ: 4 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 1.0 Promoting Health and Preventing Disease within Groups 10. Prioritizing oral health issues within a community can accomplish which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Help oral health programs decide where to target resources b. Help deal with the “crisis of the day” created by the public, news media, or legislation c. Assure the rational distribution of resources d. Raise awareness of what the public wants or sees as important ANS: A, B, C, D It can accomplish all these things, plus increase the public’s understanding of the critical oral health issues. This is Phase 6 of the ASTDD Seven-Phase Model. DIF: Application REF: p. 63 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs 11. Which of the following is true for formative evaluation measures of a community health project? (Select all that apply.) a. Incorporated throughout the assessment process. b. Critique of the assessment at the end of the process. c. Continually looking to systemically evaluate the process. d. Evaluation along the way in order to implement changes that will improve the assessment results. ANS: A, C, D The evaluation process provides the advisory committee the opportunity to determine whether the original goals of the needs assessment were met, decide if problems arose in the assessment process that should be addressed in future assessments, and make improvements to the needs assessment process for the future. As with any community oral health practice, incorporating formative evaluation throughout the assessment process is also important. Throughout the assessment, the advisory committee should continually step back to systematically evaluate the process. Allowing time for this formative evaluation along the way can provide opportunity to implement changes that will improve the assessment results. A critique of the assessment at the end of the process, which is a form of summative evaluation, provides a record of lessons learned for future health assessments in the community. Upon completion of the evaluation, the community needs assessment process loops back to Phase 2 to create a continual assessment process. The feedback loop provides the opportunity to use what is learned during the evaluation to improve the assessment. DIF: Application REF: p. 64 OBJ: 8 TOP: COMMUNITY HEALTH/RESEARCH PRINCIPLES 2.0 Participating in Community Programs, 2.2 Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Programs