Veterinary Anatomy I: CVM 710: Fall 2023 Endocrine Organs & Mammary Glands PDF

Veterinary Anatomy I: CVM 710: Fall 2023 023-2022 Endocrine organs general concepts & mammary glands Dr. Ismael Concha-Albornoz [email protected] www.anato.cl Learning Objectives 1. Identify the common features of endocrine glands 2. Identify the hypophysis conformation and position in...

Veterinary Anatomy I: CVM 710: Fall 2023 023-2022 Endocrine organs general concepts & mammary glands Dr. Ismael Concha-Albornoz [email protected] www.anato.cl Learning Objectives 1. Identify the common features of endocrine glands 2. Identify the hypophysis conformation and position in the cranial cavity. Define sella turcida and hypophyseal fossa 3. Describe the communicating routes among hypothalamus and adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis 4. Describe the pineal gland. Identify its position in the encephalon 5. Describe the conformation and location of the thyroid glands 6. Describe the location of parathyroid glands, be able to differentiate it from thyroid gland tissue. 7. Describe the conformation and location of the adrenal glands 8. Describe the mammary glands and its lymphatic drainage. Endocrinology: Study of the endocrine organs and the action of its hormones Common features of endocrine glands • The endocrine system differs from other in that the component organs/glands are not in direct continuity • Hormone synthesis is a common function for all endocrine glands • Extensive blood supply • Absence of secretory ducts • Deliver their secretory products (hormones) into the blood, lymph or tissue fluid. • Collaborate with nervous system to maintain the homeostasis. • Hormones effect are slow compare with nerve system but last longer. Primary endocrine organs: • Hypophysis (Pituitary gland) • Pineal gland (formerly epiphysis) • Thyroid glands • Parathyroid glands • Adrenal glands Organs that combine endocrine activity with other functions: • Pancreas: Endocrine tissue • Ovary/ Testis: Endocrine tissue • Placenta: Endocrine cells • Endocrine cells of the kidney, brain, liver, thymus, heart, GI tract Primary endocrine organs: • • • • • Hypophysis (Pituitary gland) Pineal gland (formerly epiphysis) Thyroid glands Parathyroid glands Adrenal glands Organs that combine endocrine activity with other functions: • Pancreas: Endocrine tissue • Ovary/ Testis: Endocrine tissue • Placenta: Endocrine cells • Endocrine cells of the kidney, brain, liver, thymus, heart, GI tract Note: These organs will be described in futures lectures. Primary endocrine organs: • Hypophysis (Pituitary gland) • • • • Pineal gland (formerly epiphysis) Thyroid glands Parathyroid glands Adrenal glands Organs that combine endocrine activity with other functions: • Pancreas: Endocrine tissue • Ovary/ Testis: Endocrine tissue • Placenta: Endocrine cells • Endocrine cells of the kidney, brain, liver, thymus, heart, GI tract Hypophysis (Pituitary gland) Representation of a sagittal section of the dog brain “The Master Gland” From the Greek Hypo: under & Physis: Growth - Occupies a central depression of the sella turcica of basisphenoid, known as the hypophyseal fossa hypophyseal fossa Sella turcica (Turkish saddle) Saddle-shaped depression in the basisphenoid bone of the skull Hypophyseal fossa Sella turcica (Turkish saddle) Dorsum sellae Hypophysis (Pituitary gland) Representation of a sagittal section of the dog brain Formed by two parts: Adenohypophysis and Neurohypophysis Hypotalamus Connected by a portal blood system Connected by a neural stem Adenohypophysis • • • • • • Growth h. Thyroid-stimulating h. Adrenocorticotropic h. Follicle-stimulating h. Luteinizing h. Prolactine Neurohypophysis • • Human hypophysis! Oxytocin h. Vasopressin h. or antidiuretiec. Hypotalamus Hypotalamus & adenohypophysis are connected by a Hypophyseal portal vascular system Hypotalamus & neurohypophysis are connected by a Neural stem Neurohypophysis Adenohypophysis Singh;Dyce;Sack and Wensing’s. Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy, Fifth Edition. Elseviaer. 2018. Representation of a sagittal section of the dog brain ADENOHYPOFYSIS Adenohypophysis Is rostral and in a ventral Location related with the Neurohypophysis. Has a different origen that the neural part of the hypophysis Representation of a sagittal section of the dog brain ADENOHYPOFYSIS Neurohypophysis Is in direct connection with The hypothalamus. Is an extension of the encephalon 1 2 Primary endocrine organs: • Hypophysis (Pituitary gland) • Pineal gland (formerly epiphysis): Melatonin h. • Thyroid glands • Parathyroid glands • Adrenal glands Organs that combine endocrine activity with other functions: • Pancreas: Endocrine tissue • Ovary/ Testis: Endocrine tissue • Placenta: Endocrine cells • Endocrine cells of the kidney, brain, liver, thymus, heart, GI tract Pineal gland Located in the middle of the encephalon. In the area known as diencephalon. Caudo-dorsal to the thalamus Thalamus Hypofisis Representation of a sagittal section of the dog brain Pineal gland - Found dorsal and caudal position in the epithalamus (dorsal to the thalamus). -Produces melatonin, a hormone that modulates sleep patterns in both circadian and seasonal cycles. - The shape of the gland resembles a pine cone , Thalamus Pineal gland • Pineal gland Pineal eye of monitor lizard, Some iguanas and tuatara. Primary endocrine organs: • Hypophysis (Pituitary gland) • Pineal gland (formerly epiphysis) • Thyroid glands • Parathyroid glands • Adrenal glands Organs that combine endocrine activity with other functions: • Pancreas: Endocrine tissue • Ovary/ Testis: Endocrine tissue • Placenta: Endocrine cells • Endocrine cells of the kidney, brain, liver, thymus, heart, GI tract Thyroid glands • Produce thyroxine hormones T3 & T4 • In most dogs is a paired gland (right & left) nevertheless each gland can be referred as a lobe. • Lies lateral to the trachea caudal to the larynx (sometimes overlapping the larynx) Thyroid glands Occasionally may be connected by an isthmus Primary endocrine organs: • Hypophysis (Pituitary gland) • Pineal gland (formerly epiphysis) • Thyroid glands • Parathyroid glands • Adrenal glands Organs that combine endocrine activity with other functions: • Pancreas: Endocrine tissue • Ovary/ Testis: Endocrine tissue • Placenta: Endocrine cells • Endocrine cells of the kidney, brain, liver, thymus, heart, GI tract Parathyroid glands • Produce parathyroid hormones • Normally four, 2 in each side • In dogs and cats normally are embedded in the thyroid gland • Frequently scape notice during a dissection. • Parathyroid glands are pale contrasting with the red-brick color of thyroid glands. Parathyroid gland Primary endocrine organs: • • • • Hypophysis (Pituitary gland) Pineal gland (formerly epiphysis) Thyroid glands Parathyroid glands • Adrenal glands Organs that combine endocrine activity with other functions: • Pancreas: Endocrine tissue • Ovary/ Testis: Endocrine tissue • Placenta: Endocrine cells • Endocrine cells of the kidney, brain, liver, thymus, heart, GI tract Adrenal glands “Small, but MIGHTY” Adrenal glands: produce critical hormones: *cortisol *aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) *epinephrine (adrenaline) Adrenal glands: *produce cortisol w/ effects on: *muscle *bone *skin *immune system *vascular system *central nervous system *liver *kidneys High importance: *pathology *medicine *imagery *behavior Adrenal gland location: *retroperitoneal *craniomedially to kidney’s cranial pole *small size compared to kidneys Adrenal gland, retroperitoneal, & hidden by fat Challenging Surgical procedure: adrenalectomy!!! Adrenal gland: • Capsule • Cortex • medulla Hormones: *aldosterone *cortisol *epinephrine *androgens Adrenal gland imagery: Ultra-sound evaluation: Standard radiology: Common features of exocrine glands - Exocrine glands release (secrete) substances through openings (ducts) onto your body external surfaces or within cavity surfaces. - Among the products of exocrine glands are: • Sweat • Lacrima (Tears) • Saliva • Digestive juices • Milk Mammary glands (mammae) • • • Subcutaneous, enlarged sweat glands Produce colostrum & milk Each gland is separated by a connective tissue septa A: Cow, ewe & goat B: Mare & sow C: Dog & Cat Singh;Dyce;Sack and Wensing’s. Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy, Fifth Edition. Elseviaer. 2018. Mammary glands (mammae) • • • • • • Subcutaneous, enlarged sweat glands Produce colostrum & milk Each gland is separated by a connective tissue septa Develop in the mammary ridges (lines), the ridges extend from axilla to inguinal regions (groin) Each gland secretes via a teat or papilla Each teat can secret via one or multiple papillary ducts. A: Cow, ewe & goat B: Mare & sow C: Dog & Cat Singh;Dyce;Sack and Wensing’s. Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy, Fifth Edition. Elseviaer. 2018. Mammary glands (mammae) • Dogs have normally five pairs of mammary glands. Cats have four pairs Thoracic Abdominal • • Each gland has 10-12 openings in dogs 4-8 in cats Inguinal Singh;Dyce;Sack and Wensing’s. Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy, Fifth Edition. Elseviaer. 2018. Mammary glands (mammae) Axillary & accessory axillary lymph nodes Superficial inguinal lymph nodes Sternal lymph nodes Singh;Dyce;Sack and Wensing’s. Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy, Fifth Edition. Elseviaer. 2018. Lymphatic vessels & lymph nodes Lumbar lymphatic trunk Thoracic duct Medial iliac ln. Cisterna chyli Sacral ln. Axillary ln. Accessory axillary ln. Visceral lymphatic trunk Superficial inguinal ln. Superficial Popliteal ln. Mammary glands tumor metastasis https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Lung-metastasis-of-a-mammary-gland-carcinoma-in-aspayed-11-years-old-female-Poodle-On_fig3_355418463 Mammary glands tumor metastasis https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/4/1115/htm Supernumerary teats/mammary glands