01_Elements and non-covalent interactions_ZT.pdf

Elements and noncovalent interactions assoc. prof. Zuzana Tatarkova, PhD. CONTENT Biologically important elements Free radicals and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, - Exogenous and endogenous sources - Formation and characteristics - Reactions -...

Elements and noncovalent interactions assoc. prof. Zuzana Tatarkova, PhD. CONTENT Biologically important elements Free radicals and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, - Exogenous and endogenous sources - Formation and characteristics - Reactions - Antioxidant mechanisms Non-covalent interactions - Ionic interactions - electrostatic interactions (ionic bond) - Van der Waals interactions - Hydrogen bonds - Hydrophobic interactions (non-polar interactions)  Biologically important elements The main group elements Hydrogen (valence shell configuration 1s1) the 3rd major constituent of human body, water, bioorganic molecules and biopolymers. Group 1A elements - Alkali metals (ns1) Sodium and Potassium maintenance of osmotic equilibrium, water balance, acid-base balance, nerve impulse transmission. Asymetrical distribution of Na+ and K+ Lithium equimolar (1:1) amount inside and outside cells (soluble salts, e.g. Li2CO3), dissolves uric acid crystals – supporting the treatment of gout and gallstones, treatment of the manic phase in bipolar disorder, regulation of some endocrine functions? longevity? a geroprotective supplement? Araldi E et al. Lithium treatment extends human lifespan: findings from the UK Biobank. Aging. 2023, https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.204476  Biologically important elements Group 2A elements - The alkaline earth metals (ns2) Calcium mostly outside the cells, constituents of bones and teeth (hydroxyapatite Ca5(PO4)3OH, or Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 Ionized Ca2+ regulates: neuromuscular excitability excitability, blood clotting, secretory processes (insulin, digestive enzymes), activity of enzymes, intracellular messenger of hormone action. Helps maintain Helps to Magnesium our energy form our mostly outside the cells genetic Supports material bones Ionized magnesium (Mg2+) is: structure cofactor of enzymes kinases (ATP, Mg2+´) Na/K ATPase, muscle Helps nerve carry messages contraction between the brain and body  Biologically important elements Group 3A elements - (ns2 np1) Boron role in metabolism of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), positively influences minerals (Ca, P, Mg) and acts in synergy with vitamin D. bone builder and health Rondanelli et al. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126577 Group 4A elements - (ns2 np2) Carbon major constituent of most biomolecules (amino acids, proteins, saccharides, lipids, nucleic acids,...), inorganic compounds H2CO3 a HCO3- - meintenance of blood pH, CO2 final oxidation product of organic compounds Silicon contituent of proteoglycans in cartilage and contituent of connective tissue.  Biologically important elements Group 5A elements - (ns2 np3) Nitrogen constituent of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids,... nitric oxide (NO) - signaling molecule with diversity of effects on CNS, cardiovascular and immune system. Phosphorus constituent of bones and teeth, and biomolecules: nucleotides, nucleic acids, some proteins and lipids, phosphate ions H2PO4- a HPO42- form important pH buffer. Group 6A elements - (ns2 np4) Oxygen the most abundant element on the earth and also in human body constituent of most molecules: water, proteins, saccharides, lipids, nucleic acids,... water – the major component of human body (60%), O2 is a by-product of photosynthesis and final acceptor of e- during oxidation of molecules, partially reduced forms of O2 – oxygen free radicals are involved in variety of pathologies.  Biologically important elements Sulfur constituent of proteins, polysaccharides, vitamines, glutathione. Selenium constituent of glutathione peroxidase (protects against the harmful peroxides and free radicals), constituent of 5`-deiodinase (conversion of thyroxine-T4 to triiodothyronine-T3), constituent of thioredoxine reductase. Group 7A elements - halogens (ns2 np5) Chlorine (Cl−) mainly extracellular fluid, anion of biological fluids, role in osmotic and electrolyte balances. Fluorine (F−) constituent of bones anf teeth. Iodine (I−) an essential component of hormones thyroxine-T4 to triiodothyronine-T3.  Biologically important elements Transition elements of biological importance (as mono-, di-, or trivalent cations are often associated with proteins and required for their function) Copper (Cu+ or Cu2+) a component of many enzymes (e.g. cytochrome c oxidase, CuZn superoxide dismutase) Zinc a component of insulin, enzymes (carbonic anhydrase, lactate dehydrogenase, CuZn superoxide dismutase, alkaline phosphatase) Chromium required for glucose utilization: chromodulin – a peptide affecting the action of insulin Molybdenum a component of oxidases (xanthine oxidase) Manganese cofactor of hydrolases, decarboxylases, transferases, participation in proteoglycan synthesis Iron (Fe2+ or Fe3+) component of hemoglobin and myoglobin (transport and binding/storage of O2) component of oxidoreductases, cytochromes, enzyme catalase Cobalt component of vitamin B12 (cobalamine)  Biologically important elements Biologically important elements Primary Secondary Trace elements macroelements macroelements