Lec 1 (Biochemistry-Theory) PDF

LastNedate - Dec 9 2024. AdibIbrahim Ahmed biochemistry 3rd stage students first lecture Introduction to Biochemistry Dr. Lena Nawzad Amin PhD in Clinical Biochemistry  Lecture...

LastNedate - Dec 9 2024. AdibIbrahim Ahmed biochemistry 3rd stage students first lecture Introduction to Biochemistry Dr. Lena Nawzad Amin PhD in Clinical Biochemistry  Lecture outlines…. 1. What is biochemistry 2. Levels of organization in living organism 3. History of biochemistry not necessary 4. Importance of biochemistry in pharmacy 5. Elements found in biological system 6. Biological molecules 7. Biological polymers Lecture of Carbohydrate for mid-2 - > 2 Lecture of Lipid 2  Note : Enzymes are required to carry out chemical process in body What Is Biochemistry Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. A sub-discipline of both chemistry and biology or the chemistry of living organisms. It bridges the gap between the conventional chemistry and biology. Very unusal Living organisms have certain extraordinary properties. They can grow, respond to stimuli and replicate themselves with high fidelity. All these activities are ultimately interpretable in chemical terms. 3  The basic phenomena of biochemistry is to understand how the collections of inanimate molecules that constitute living organisms interact with each other to maintain life. The basic life processes or chemistry remains broadly the same whether it is an unicellular microorganism or the higher organisms such as human or plants. Life is nothing but thousands of ordered chemical reactions. In other words, chemistry is the logic of all biological phenomena. 4  Levels of Organization in Living Organism Basic 1 level 2 cell composed of 3 molecules 4 5 6 Y 5 X History of Biochemistry / 6  Importance of biochemistry in Pharmacy  Drug Constitution: Biochemistry gives an idea of the constitution of the drug, its chances of degradation with varying temperature, etc. It also gives an idea of how modifying the chemistry of the drug will improve the drug efficiency, minimize its side effects, etc. Note : Enzymes and Hormones are vulnerable and have high chance to degradation, they must stored properly.  Drug storage: The storage condition required can be estimated by the biochemical test. For example many enzymes, hormones are stored for dispensing. These get deteriorated over time due to temperature or oxidation, contamination and also due to improper storage. 7  Drug metabolism: It also gives an idea of how drug molecules are metabolized by many biochemical reactions in the presence of enzymes. This helps to avoid drugs which have a poor metabolism or those with excessive side effects from being prescribed or dispensed to the patient. Biochemical tests: These tests help fix the specific half-life or date of expiry of drugs. 8  X Elements found in biological system Even the simplest organisms contain a staggering number of different molecules, yet this number represents only an infinitesimal portion of all the molecules that are chemically possible. only a small subset of the known elements are found in living systems. The most abundant of these are C, N, O, and H, followed by Ca, P, K, S, Cl, Na, and Mg. Certain trace elements are also present in very small quantities. Virtually all the molecules in a living organism contain carbon. 9 Elements found in biological system 19 T selenium Vandiumromium rickle Tir - Molybium 10 # 11 12  Biological Molecules Monomer of protein 1. Amino Acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Although over 500 amino acids exist in nature, by far the most important are the 20 α-amino acids incorporated into proteins. Only these 20 appear in the genetic code of all life. In the human body, amino acids function as building blocks of proteins. Micromolecules including 1) Simple carbohydrate, 2) Amino acid, 3) Vitamins, 4) Nucleotides, 5) Mineral and ions, and 6) Water Enzymes and Vitamins are classified as protein 13  2.Carbohydrates Carbohydrates, or carbs, are sugar molecules. Along with proteins and fats, carbohydrates are one of the three main nutrients in foods and drinks. It is composed mainly of molecules containing atoms of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O), the general formula Cx(H2O)y is commonly used to represent many carbohydrates, which means “watered carbon.” Carbohydrates are probably the most abundant and widespread organic substances in nature and are essential constituents of all living things. Note : Carbohydrates are difference in their atom number Note: Bonds between two carbohydrate is glycosidic bond 14  3. Nucleotides an organic molecule consists of a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base. The bases used in DNA are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). In RNA, the base uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. 15  Lipid is polymer with unknown monomer 4. Lipids are fatty compounds that perform a variety of functions in your body. They're part of your cell membranes and help control what goes in and out of your cells. They help with moving and storing energy, absorbing vitamins and making hormones. Having too much of some lipids is harmful. Lipids are composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen, but they can also contain oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorous. 16  Biological Polymers In addition to small molecules consisting of relatively few atoms, organisms contain macromolecules that may consist of thousands of atoms. Such huge molecules are not synthesized in one piece but are built from smaller units. Biological polymers are large molecules composed of many similar smaller molecules linked together in a chain-like fashion. The individual smaller molecules are called monomers. Macromolecules are 1) Protein (Including enzymes), 2) Non-simple Carbohydrate (polysaccharide), 3) Lipid, and 4) Nucleic Acids 17 1. Proteins Polymers of amino acids are called polypeptides or proteins. Twenty different amino acids serve as building blocks for proteins, which may contain many hundreds of amino acid residues. The amino acid residues are linked to each other by amide bonds called peptide bonds. A peptide bond (arrow) links the two residues in a dipeptide (the side chains of the amino acids are represented by R1 and R2). Dehydration synthesis 18 2. Nucleic Acids Polymers of nucleotides are termed polynucleotides or nucleic acids, better known as DNA and RNA. For example, the residues in RNA contain the bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil, whereas the residues in DNA contain adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. Polymerization involves the phosphate and sugar groups of the nucleotides, which become linked by phosphodiester bonds. H20 H + OH 19  3. Polysaccharides is a carbohydrate formed by long chains of repeating units linked together by glycosidic bonds. The term polysaccharide etymologically means multi saccharides. A saccharide refers to the unit structure of carbohydrates. 20  4. lipids Strictly speaking, lipids do not form polymers, although they do tend to aggregate to form larger structures such as cell membranes. The unique examples of lipid polymers that consist of more than three monomers molecules are the Triglyceride, waxes, and phospholipids. 21