Zoonotic Diseases PDF

Diseases – Animals to Humans (Zoonotic Diseases) By D. Afkar AwadMorgan MBBS-MPH-MD  What is a Zoonotic Disease? Zoonotic disease- a disease that can be passed from animals to humans Examples: Rabies Leishmania Tularemia Toxoplasmosis...

Diseases – Animals to Humans (Zoonotic Diseases) By D. Afkar AwadMorgan MBBS-MPH-MD  What is a Zoonotic Disease? Zoonotic disease- a disease that can be passed from animals to humans Examples: Rabies Leishmania Tularemia Toxoplasmosis Cryptosporidiosis West Nile Virus Lyme Disease Brucellosis Q-fever BSE “Mad Cow” Anthrax Rocky Mtn. Spotted Fever Tapeworms Erlichiosis Encephalitis viruses Roundworms Listeriosis Chagas disease Hookworms Salmonella Ringworm Bird Flu Nipah virus Erysipelas Giardia Plague E. Coli Leptospirosis Histoplasmosis Campylobacter  Zoonotic Diseases Commonly Associated with Livestock & Poultry Influenzas – swine, poultry, humans Salmonella E. coli Psittacosis Q-fever Brucellosis And others…..  Rabies Virus Reservoir: Bat, Racoon, Cat, Dog Agent: Virus Transmission: Saliva of infected animals Human symptoms: Seizures, paralysis, fever Treatment: Supportive, most often fatal  Routes of Transmission Direct contact Bite, scratch, contact with infected tissues – Ex. Rabies, Q-fever – Indirect contact Food/water-borne or touching infected object (fomite) – Salmonella, E. coli, Giardia – Aerosolization Inhalation, contact with respiratory droplets – Ex. Brucellosis, Psittacosis – Vector-borne (animal serves as reservoir) Mosquitos, ticks, fleas – Ex. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, West Nile Virus – How can a zoonotic or infectious disease be transmitted? Airborne Fecal-oral Direct contact Foodborne Arthropod Vector  Bacterial Diseases Tetanus » Rat-Bite Fever » Leptospirosis » Tularemia » Campylobacteri » osis Salmonella » E. coli » A mixture of Zoonotic agents and other agents that might be found in the field/water/non- vendor animals  leptospirosis Some infected Leptospirosis persons may may occur in Humans can have no two phases: become infected symptoms at Phase 1: all High fever – primarily through Headache – contact with: If a second Chills – urine from – phase occurs, Muscle – infected it is more aches animals severe; the Vomiting – water, soil, or – person may Jaundice – food have kidney Red eyes – contaminated or liver Abdomina – with the urine failure or l Pain meningitis Diarrhea – of infected Rash – animals Fungal Diseases Dermatomycosis “Ringworm” Trichophyton ▪ mentagrophytes mainly in rodents and mice Microsporum canis ▪ mainly in dogs and cats  Helminth Infections Roundworm – Hookworm – Whipworm – Common in pets and – wild animals Spread by fecal-oral – transmission Persist in Soil, – transmissible without direct animal contact  Toxoplasmosis Reservoir: Pigs, Cats, Rats, Deer, Lamb Agent: A single-celled parasite called Toxoplasma gondii Transmission: Touching infected cat feces, eating undercooked meat, contaminated water drinking Human symptoms: Flu like symptoms Recurent abortion in pregnant women Treatment: Medications if needed, newborn babies infected through their mother can suffer eye and brain damage  Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Also Known As: BSE or “Mad Cow Disease” Reservoir: Cattle Agent: Prion Transmission: Eating infected beef Human symptoms: Neurological disorders that worsen over time Treatment: Supportive, but usually fatal  Lyme Disease Reservoir: Deer Agent: Borrelia burgdorferi, a bacterium Transmission: Black legged tick feeds on infected deer, picks up bacterium, and bites human Human symptoms: Rash, arthritis, fever, swollen lymph nodes, neurologic signs, heart problems Treatment: Antibiotics can be used for successful treatment when caught early  Ringworm Reservoir: Any surface contaminated with fungus Agent: Several kinds of fungus Transmission: Touching a contaminated surface such as cat or dog hair, brushes or combs, cows, horses, and other animals Human symptoms: Rash shaped in a ring on the skin, scalp, groin area, and feet Treatment: Medicated creams, keeping area clean and dry  H1N1 Pandemic declared 6/11/09 Nevada 406, no deaths Virus, no vaccination Antiviral Drugs, vaccine fall of 2009 Swine flu parties  Avian Influenza “Bird Flu” Click for: Discussion Questions Bird Flu Study Sheet  Introduction to Bird Flu Important Points to Remember There is no bird flu present in the U.S. today. The U.S. does NOT import poultry products from other countries. There is no danger of getting bird flu from eating chicken. You cannot get bird flu from properly cooked chicken. Cooking would kill any virus. Keep all poultry products properly refrigerated and cook thoroughly before eating.  Introduction to Bird Flu Bird flu is a lethal variant of the flu virus that poses a major threat to the world’s population. The deadly flu pandemic of 1918 (the Spanish flu) was a strain related to bird flu. Bird flu has reappeared in the past decade, and there is growing concern that another pandemic will occur in the near future.  What causes avian influenza? Avian influenza, also known as “bird flu,” is caused by a virus. Virus is Latin for “poison.” The flu is a contagious disease caused by a virus that normally only infects birds.  Background on Influenza Pandemics Influenza pandemics are rare, but have a high fatality rate. Three flu pandemics have occurred in the past century: The Spanish flu of 1918, Asian flu of 1957, and the 1968 Hong Kong flu. Death toll from the Spanish flu of 1918 was estimated to be 20-50 million worldwide. Over half a million people died in the U.S. from the Spanish Flu. More people died from the Spanish flu than were killed in World War I.  Possible Impact of Avian Flu on Humans Pneumonia, severe respiratory disease, and eye infections have resulted from human infections of H5N1. This virus has the ability to infect young and healthy people, unlike most flu viruses that primarily infect the elderly and young children.  Possible Effects of Avian Influenza Shut Down In an effort to quarantine the outbreak, schools might be closed, transportation shut down, and the economy could come to a virtual halt. The transport of food could stop. The nation’s food supply would only last a matter of days. Personal Protective Equipment PPE helps protect you from exposure to zoonotic disease Dedicated facility clothing Long sleeve lab coat Gloves Safety glasses Shoe covers PPE also protects the animals from humans who might be spreading zoonotic agents (reverse zoonosis) Zoonotic and Infectious disease prevention: In the Field  Field-specific Awareness and Education!  Vaccination when possible (e.g. Rabies, Tetanus)  Potable water  Mosquito and Tick bite prevention  Hand-washing / sanitizer  Limit exposure to infected species and fecal material Thanks