ICT Past Paper PDF

### **Chapter 1** ### **Part 1: Naming the parts of a computer system** This question refers to naming the parts of a computer system. While you did not provide a specific diagram, the main components of a computer system typically include: 1. Name the parts of a computer system shown below -...

### **Chapter 1** ### **Part 1: Naming the parts of a computer system** This question refers to naming the parts of a computer system. While you did not provide a specific diagram, the main components of a computer system typically include: 1. Name the parts of a computer system shown below ----------------------- ------------------- Hard disk drive  Mouse Monitor  Keyboard Solid State Drive  Printer ----------------------- ------------------- ### **Part 2: Choose the items from the list to satisfy the definitions below** - Software used to manipulate photographs stored on a computer: **Photo editing software** - Software which obtains data from sensors allowing computers to monitor and control external activities: **Control and measurement software** - Software used to manipulate and organize numerical data; data is put into a grid of numbered rows and lettered columns: **Spreadsheet** - Software running in the background of a computer which manages most of the basic functions, such as user interface and memory management: **Operating system** - Software that translates a program written in a high-level language into machine code so that it can be directly run on the computer: **Compiler** - Software that takes one or more object files produced by a language translator and combines them into a single program that can be run on a computer: **Linker** - Software that enables one or more hardware devices to communicate with the computer's operating system: **Device driver** ### **Part 3: True or False Statements** Here are the correct responses: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----------- **Statement** **True** **False** Streaming videos to mobile phones using 4G networks has faster data transfer rates than using WiFi ✓ Mainframe computers have smaller internal memories than desktop computers ✓ Spreadsheets and word processors are examples of applications software ✓ Video cards and sound cards are typical examples of computer software ✓ Examples of utilities include anti-virus software, anti-spyware software, and screensavers ✓ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----------- ### **Part 4: Advantages and Disadvantages of CLI and GUI** ### **CLI (Command Line Interface)** - **Advantages**: - **Faster** for experienced users. - **Lightweight** (uses less memory). - **Disadvantages**: - **Hard to learn** for beginners. - **Not user-friendly** for casual users. ### **GUI (Graphical User Interface)** - **Advantages**: - **Easy to use** (great for beginners). - **Visual** and intuitive. - **Disadvantages**: - **Takes up more memory**. - **Slower** for experienced users (compared to CLI). ### **Part 5: Example Users of CLI and GUI** - **CLI**: A **system administrator** or **developer** who needs to execute commands efficiently. - **GUI**: A **general user** working with everyday tasks like document editing or web browsing. ### **Part 6: Device Comparisons** Without a specific image, I'll provide an example comparison for three typical devices: #### **Device 1: Desktop Computer** - **Advantages**: 1. High processing power and storage. 2. Easily upgradeable. - **Disadvantages**: 3. Takes up more physical space. 4. Less portable. - **Features**: 5. Large screen. 6. High-performance hardware. #### **Device 2: Laptop** - **Advantages**: 1. Portable and compact. 2. Integrated battery for mobility. - **Disadvantages**: 3. Limited upgrade options. 4. Higher price for similar specs compared to desktops. - **Features**: 5. Built-in keyboard and screen. 6. Lightweight design. #### **Device 3: Smartphone** - **Advantages**: 1. Extremely portable and compact. 2. Multi-functional (calls, internet, apps). - **Disadvantages**: 3. Limited processing power compared to PCs. 4. Smaller screen size. - **Features**: 5. Touchscreen interface. 6. Built-in camera. ### **Part 7: Terms Descriptions** - **Human Language Translator Software**: Machine Translation Software. - **3D Image Technology**: Holography. - **Unbreakable Coding System**: Quantum Cryptography. - **Virtual Reality**: Virtual Reality (VR). - **Headset Projection System**: Augmented Reality (AR). - **Biometric Security System**: Biometric Authentication. ### **Part 8: Explain the Following Terms** - **RAM (Random Access Memory)**:\ RAM is temporary memory where the computer stores data it's using right now, but it **disappears** when the computer is turned off. - **ROM (Read-Only Memory)**:\ ROM is permanent memory that stores the instructions needed to start the computer, and it **keeps information** even when the computer is off. - **BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)**:\ BIOS is a small program that runs when you turn on the computer, checking the hardware to make sure everything works before the computer starts fully. - **CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor)**:\ CMOS is a technology that stores things like the time and date, and it **needs a battery** to remember them when the computer is off. - **Motherboard**:\ The motherboard is the main board inside the computer that connects all the important parts like the CPU, memory, and storage so they can work together. ### **Part 9: Emerging Technologies** - **Artificial Intelligence (AI)**:\ AI is technology that can learn from information and make decisions on its own, and it's used in things like smart assistants, self-driving cars, and apps that suggest what to watch. - **Virtual Reality (VR)**:\ VR creates a fake world that you can interact with, usually by wearing a headset, and it's used for games, training, and learning. - **Quantum Cryptography**:\ Quantum cryptography is a super secure way of protecting information using the special rules of physics, making it very hard for anyone to hack into. **Chapter 2** ### **Input Methods for Applications** ------------------------------------------- ---------- ----------------- ------------ **Application** **MICR** **Touchscreen** **Sensor** Reading numbers on a cheque ✓ Inputting temperature in a process ✓ Selecting a choice on an ATM ✓ Inputting moisture levels in a greenhouse ✓ ------------------------------------------- ---------- ----------------- ------------ ### **OCR & OMR** - **OCR (Optical Character Recognition)**: A technology that reads printed text and turns it into digital text. - **OMR (Optical Mark Recognition)**: A technology that reads marks (like checkboxes) on paper, such as on surveys or tests. ### **OCR vs OMR** ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------- **OCR** **OMR** **Advantages** **Advantages** \- Very accurate at reading text \- Faster at reading marks \- Can read many types of text \- Good for scanning lots of data quickly **Disadvantages** **Disadvantages** \- Needs clear, high-quality scans \- Less accurate than OCR \- Slower than OMR \- Can only read simple marks ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------- ### **Supermarket Devices** **Input Devices** 1. **Barcode Scanner**: Scans the barcode on products to get the price and details. 2. **Keyboard**: Used by the cashier to enter information manually, like payment details. **Output Devices** 1. **Monitor**: Shows the products being scanned and the total bill. 2. **Cash Register**: Prints receipts and records sales for the store. ### **Barcode Advantages** -------------------------- ------------------------------- **Manager** **Customer** \- Faster checkout \- Faster checkout experience \- Helps track inventory \- Ensures correct prices -------------------------- ------------------------------- ### **QR Code Benefits** - **QR**: Stands for Quick Response. - **Benefits**: - Holds more information than regular barcodes. - Can be scanned quickly using smartphones. ### **Tourist Uses for QR Codes** - **Boarding Pass**: Scan the QR code to check in and board the flight. - **Hotel Check-in**: Scan the QR code to get room details or access. - **Attractions**: Scan QR codes for info and tickets to local sights. ### **3D Printing Terms** - **Additive**: Builds an object layer by layer, adding material each time. - **Direct 3D Printing**: Material is pushed out directly from a nozzle to create the object. - **Binder 3D Printing**: Uses a binder to solidify powdered material into an object. ### **3D Printing for Car Parts** 1. **Scan** the broken car part using a 3D scanner. 2. **Design** the new part using special design software. 3. **Print** the part with a 3D printer using materials like plastic or metal. ### **Other 3D Printing Uses** - **Prototyping**: Make models of products for testing and improvement. - **Medical**: Create custom implants or prosthetics for patients. - **Architecture**: Make models of building designs or layouts. ### **Input Devices** ---------------------- -------------------------------------------------------- **Device** **Use** **Trackball** Used to move the cursor on screen. **Joystick** Used in games or virtual reality. **Concept Keyboard** A keyboard made for specific tasks, like in factories. **Remote Control** Used to control TVs and other electronics. **Microphone** Used to record sound or give voice commands. ---------------------- -------------------------------------------------------- ### **Actuators in Control Applications** -------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- **Device** **Use** **Solenoid Valve** Controls the flow of fluids in machines or systems. **Servo Motor** Controls the movement of robotic arms or machines. **Stepper Motor** Moves devices very accurately, like 3D printers or printers. -------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- ### **Transferring Photos** 1. **Memory Card Reader**: Insert the camera\'s memory card into a reader to transfer photos. 2. **USB Cable**: Connect the camera to the computer using a USB cable. 3. **Wi-Fi or Bluetooth**: Transfer photos wirelessly using a phone or app. ### **Digital vs Smartphone Cameras** - **Better Image Quality**: Digital cameras have better lenses and sensors, giving clearer pictures, especially in low light. - **More Advanced Features**: Digital cameras have more settings and options for creative control. ### **LED Backlighting Benefits** - **Energy-saving**: Uses less power than older methods like fluorescent lights. - **Thinner design**: Makes devices like TVs or monitors thinner and lighter. - **Lasts longer**: LED lights have a longer lifespan than older lights. ### **OLED Benefits** - **True Blacks**: OLED screens can turn off individual pixels, showing pure black and better contrast. - **Wide Viewing Angles**: OLED displays look good from any angle, unlike some other screens that fade when viewed from the side. ### **Sensor Applications** ----------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- **Sensor** **Use** **Temperature** Used in weather stations, fridges, and industrial equipment. **Pressure** Measures things like air or water pressure. **Sound** Detects noise or sounds, used in alarms or microphones. **pH** Measures how acidic or alkaline a substance is. **Humidity** Measures moisture in the air or soil, used in weather or agriculture. ----------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ### **Direct Data Entry (DDE)** ------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Data** **Device** **Bank cheque details** **MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition)** reads special ink on cheques. **Product labels** **Barcode Scanner** reads product details quickly. **Survey marks** **OMR (Optical Mark Recognition)** reads marks on paper. **Card details** **Magnetic Card Reader** reads credit/debit cards for payment. ------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ### **True or False Statements** ----------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----------- **Statement** **True** **False** Webcams record images before transmission ✓ Light pens only work with CRT monitors ✓ Graphics tablets allow drawing editing before input ✓ Microphones can send data directly to a computer ✓ Optical mice use light to send data ✓ Ergonomic keyboards are smaller than standard ones ✓ Steering wheels use sensors to detect movement ✓ ----------------------------------------------------- ---------- ----------- ### **RFID & Contactless Cards** - **RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)**: Used to track and identify things by sending radio waves. - **Contactless Card Reader**: Lets people pay by simply tapping their card, often used in stores and buses. ### **3D Printing Stages** --------------------------------- ----------- **Stage** **Order** Printer setup 1 Design imported into software 2 3D printing (layer by layer) 3 Finalize design 4 Post-process the printed object 5 --------------------------------- ----------- ### **Output Devices** ----------------------- -------------------------- **Use** **Device** High-quality printing **Inkjet Printer** Multi-part forms **Dot Matrix Printer** High-volume printing **Laser Printer** Large printouts **Large Format Printer** ----------------------- -------------------------- ### **Chemical Process Monitoring** ---------- -------------------- **Part** **Name** 1 Temperature Sensor 2 pH Sensor 3 Microprocessor 4 Heater 5 Valve 6 Acid Tank ---------- -------------------- ### **Printer Comparisons** - **Laser Printers**: Fast, high-quality, but more expensive. - **Inkjet Printers**: Cheaper to buy, good color quality, but slower and costly ink. - **Dot Matrix Printers**: Durable and can print multi-part forms, but noisy and lower quality.\] ### **Merging the Transaction File (TF) and Master File (MF)** A bank uses magnetic tapes to update their customer account data at the end of each day. New data is stored on a Transaction File (TF) and this is combined with the Master File (MF) to produce a New Master File (NMF). The data is stored in account order and part of the TF and MF are shown below: The goal is to merge the two files into the New Master File (NMF) in account order. Below is the merged file and indication of which file the data came from: **MF:\ ** 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12 **TF:\ ** 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14 ### **Merged NMF:** -------------------- ----------------- **Account Number** **Source File** 1 MF 2 MF 3 MF 4 MF 5 TF 6 MF 7 TF 8 MF 9 MF 10 TF 11 MF 12 MF 13 TF 14 TF -------------------- ----------------- **Explanation:** - Data from both the Transaction File (TF) and the Master File (MF) are merged based on account numbers. - Where there is data in both files (like account 1, 2, 4, and 8), the data from MF is listed first since that is the older data. - Any new data from TF (like 5, 7, 10, 13, and 14) is added in correct account order. ### **Memory Size Comparison** Indicate which of the following is the largest memory size: ----------------- ---------- **Memory Size** **Tick** 1GB 1KB 1TB ✓ 1MB ----------------- ---------- **Explanation:** 1TB (terabyte) is the largest memory size, as 1TB equals 1,000,000MB, which is larger than 1GB, 1MB, or 1KB. ### **Music Files on a 4GB Memory Stick** Music files are 4MB each. To calculate how many files fit on a 4GB stick: 1GB = 1024MB, so 4GB = 4096MB. Number of files=40964=1024 music files\\text{Number of files} = \\frac{4096}{4} = 1024 \\text{ music files} **Answer:** 1024 music files can be stored on a 4GB memory stick. ### **Storage Media Classification** -------------------- -------------- ------------- ----------------- **Storage Device** **Magnetic** **Optical** **Solid State** Hard disk ✓ Flash memory card ✓ Blu-ray disc ✓ CD-ROM ✓ Memory stick ✓ DVD-RAM ✓ -------------------- -------------- ------------- ----------------- ### **Difference Between Blu-ray Discs and DVDs** **Blu-ray Discs**: - Can store **more data** (up to 50GB on a dual-layer disc) compared to DVDs (4.7GB for single-layer). - Uses a **blue laser** with a shorter wavelength, allowing for higher data density and clearer picture quality. **DVDs**: - Store less data and use a **red laser** to read data. - Blu-ray technology is more advanced for high-definition video and large file storage. ### **Advantages of SSD over HDD in Laptops** - **Speed**: SSDs are much **faster** at reading and writing data, resulting in quicker boot times and faster file access compared to HDDs. - **Durability**: SSDs have **no moving parts**, making them more resistant to shock and less likely to fail than HDDs, which use spinning disks. - **Energy Efficiency**: SSDs use **less power** than HDDs, which helps extend laptop battery life. - **Size**: SSDs are typically **smaller and lighter**, which can help make laptops thinner and lighter. ### **Other Devices Using SSD** 1. **Smartphones**: SSDs provide **faster access** to apps and media, improving performance in mobile devices. 2. **Gaming Consoles**: SSDs offer **faster loading times** for games, providing a better gaming experience. ### **Categorizing Storage and Memory Devices** --------------------------------- ------------- --------------- -------------- **Device** **Primary** **Secondary** **Off-line** Blu-ray disc ✓ Flash memory/memory stick ✓ DVD-RAM ✓ RAM ✓ Fixed hard disk drive (HDD) ✓ Removable hard disk drive (HDD) ✓ ✓ Fixed solid state drive (SSD) ✓ ROM ✓ --------------------------------- ------------- --------------- -------------- ### **Types of Access Used by Storage Media** --------------- ------------ ------------ **Media** **Serial** **Direct** Magnetic tape ✓ Magnetic disk ✓ CD-RW ✓ --------------- ------------ ------------ **Explanation:** - **Serial Access** means data must be read in order, as with magnetic tape. - **Direct Access** allows random access to data, as with magnetic disks and CD-RWs. ### **Future of Optical Media: Is It Becoming Obsolete?** The statement \"the future of optical media is one of obsolescence in the next 5 years\" makes sense because of newer technologies like cloud storage and streaming. These are faster and easier ways to get data. Also, solid-state drives (SSDs) and flash storage are now cheaper and work better, so they are replacing CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs. While Blu-ray discs and DVDs are still good for storing large files or watching movies, cloud storage and streaming are more flexible and easier to use. People don't need physical discs anymore. Optical media might not disappear completely in 5 years, but it is becoming less popular as faster and simpler technologies take over. **Chapter 4** **1. Three items of hardware Ken may need to set up a computer network:** - Router: To connect the computers to the internet. - Switch: To connect multiple computers within the network. - Modem: To provide access to the internet from the service provider. **2. Three ways staff could make appropriate use of the network during lunch breaks:** - Check personal emails: Staff can check emails if allowed, for personal or professional purposes. - Use the internet for research: Staff can browse the internet for relevant information or personal use. - Access work-related documents: Staff can prepare for tasks by accessing shared files or project documents. **3. Strategy for backing up shop data:** - Cloud Backup: Regularly backup data to a cloud service for automatic and secure storage. - External Hard Drive: Use an external hard drive for manual backups. - Backup Schedule: Set a daily or weekly backup schedule to ensure data is always up-to-date. **4. Indicate whether the following passwords are strong or weak:** ----------------- ------------- --------------- **Password** **Weak(✓)** **Strong(✓)** **Pas5word** **✓** **Ken123** **✓** **Ab!\*56@@** **✓** **15April2000** **✓** **TXwm50.** **✓** ----------------- ------------- --------------- **5. Explain the following terms:** - **LAN (Local Area Network):** A network of computers and devices connected within a small geographic area, like a home or office. - **WAN (Wide Area Network):** A large network that covers a broad area, often across cities or countries, like the internet. - **WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network):** A type of LAN that uses wireless technology to connect devices, often using Wi-Fi. **6. Comparison of devices in the network:** - **Bridge:** Connects two network segments to make them act as a single network. - **Hub/Switch:** Connects multiple devices within a network to communicate with each other. - **Internet:** A global network that connects millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks. - **Router:** Routes data between different networks, such as between a local network and the internet. - **Server:** A powerful computer that provides services, such as data storage or hosting websites, to other computers in a network. **7. One advantage and one disadvantage of using WLANs rather than LANs:** - **Advantage:** WLANs offer flexibility and mobility as devices can connect to the network without cables. - **Disadvantage:** WLANs can be less secure and more vulnerable to hacking compared to LANs. **8. Information in data packets:** --------------------------------------------- ------------- **Item of Information** **Present** **Size of the packet (in MB)** **Header to identify data packet** **✓** **Sender's IP address** **✓** **Identify each node covering whole route** **Identify number of each packet** **✓** --------------------------------------------- ------------- **9. What happens when data packets arrive at their destination:** - The receiving system checks the packet numbers to ensure all data has arrived. - The packets are then reassembled into the original message. - The data is processed and delivered to the appropriate application or device. **10. Advantages and disadvantages of different devices accessing the internet:** - **Phablets:** - Advantage: Portable and easy to carry. - Disadvantage: Smaller screen size makes it less suitable for detailed tasks. - **Laptops:** - Advantage: Larger screen and more powerful, good for productivity. - Disadvantage: Less portable than phablets or tablets. - **Desktop Computers:** - Advantage: Great for working long hours due to comfort and performance. - Disadvantage: Not portable, limited to one location. **11. Matching statements with faxes and emails:** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------- ------------ **Statement** **Traditional Faxes** **Emails** **Can be a delay in sending documents if the phone line is busy.** **✓** **More likely to be intercepted or read by the wrong people.** **✓** **More secure system since documents are password-protected.** **✓** **Much easier and quicker to send to multiple recipients.** **✓** **Printed documents are usually of a higher quality.** **✓** **Received documents can be more easily modified or used in other documents.** **✓** **Signatures on received documents can be accessed as legal documents.** **✓** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------- ------------ **12. Advantages and disadvantages of using the internet for research compared to books:** - **Internet:\ ** - Advantage: Instant access to a wide range of up-to-date information. - Disadvantage: Information may not always be reliable or accurate. - **Books:\ ** - Advantage: Reliable and carefully researched information. - Disadvantage: Slower access, and the information may be outdated. **13. Hardware and software needed for video conferencing:** - Hardware: Camera, Microphone, Speakers - Software: Video conferencing application (e.g., Zoom, Skype), Screen sharing software **14. Potential issues and advantages of video conferencing:** - **Issues:\ ** - Poor internet connection: This can cause lag, making communication difficult. - Lack of face-to-face interaction: Non-verbal cues can be missed. - **Advantages:\ ** - Cost-effective: Saves on travel expenses and time. - Convenience: Allows people to meet from anywhere. **15. Operation of different types of conferencing:** - **Web Conferencing (Webinars): A live online event where participants can view presentations, share documents, and interact.** - **Phone Conferencing: A meeting where participants join via phone call and discuss a topic in real time.** **16. Terms being described:** - Data protection rules: Data Protection Act - Software for checking malware: Antivirus software - Security feature on cards: Hologram - Verification for security: Digital Signature - Wireless communication between devices: Bluetooth - Transmitter/receiver for network access: Wi-Fi adapter - Bluetooth channel selection: Bluetooth Frequency Hopping **17. Should the internet be policed?** - **Yes: P**olicing the internet can help prevent cybercrime, protect personal information, and ensure that harmful content is controlled. - **No:** Policing could lead to censorship, violating privacy rights, and could limit freedom of speech. - **Conclusion: A balanced approach is needed to protect users without stifling freedom or innovation.** **Chapter 5** **1. Formulae for Maths grade in cells C2, C3, and C4:** **To calculate the Maths grade based on the percentage marks in column B:** - **C2: =IF(B2\>=70,\"A\",IF(B2\>=55,\"B\",IF(B2\>=40,\"C\",\"D\")))** - **C3: =IF(B3\>=70,\"A\",IF(B3\>=55,\"B\",IF(B3\>=40,\"C\",\"D\")))** - **C4: =IF(B4\>=70,\"A\",IF(B4\>=55,\"B\",IF(B4\>=40,\"C\",\"D\")))** **These formulas check the percentage in column B and assign a grade based on the given ranges.** **2. Formulae for class placement in W2, W3, and W4:** **To calculate the class based on the combined marks for Maths (B), Science (D), and ICT (F):** - **W2: =IF((B2+D2+F2)\>=180,\"Class 1\",IF((B2+D2+F2)\>=130,\"Class 2\",\"Class 3\"))** - **W3: =IF((B3+D3+F3)\>=180,\"Class 1\",IF((B3+D3+F3)\>=130,\"Class 2\",\"Class 3\"))** - **W4: =IF((B4+D4+F4)\>=180,\"Class 1\",IF((B4+D4+F4)\>=130,\"Class 2\",\"Class 3\"))** **These formulas check the combined marks in the relevant rows and assign a class based on the given criteria.** **3. Modifying the spreadsheet:** - Add columns for Term 1, Term 2, and Term 3 marks. - Update formulas to calculate averages or totals for all terms. - Add rows to calculate average marks for each subject. **4. Monitoring student progress:** - Track marks for each term. - Calculate averages to see trends in performance. - Use color coding to highlight low or high grades. - Add charts to show progress visually. **5. Disadvantages of using robots in the production line:** --------------------------------------------------------------------- --------- **Statement** **(✓)** **Redundancy payments to dismissed workers can be expensive** **✓** **Items produced are not made to a consistent standard** **Robots are unable to think for themselves and can repeat errors** **✓** **Robots don't take any strike action (removal of labour)** **Robots are expensive to buy and to maintain** **✓** **Robots don't make any errors** **Remaining workers will need to be paid higher wages** --------------------------------------------------------------------- --------- **6. Positive effects of introducing ICT into the workplace:** - Increased efficiency: Automation of tasks speeds up processes and reduces errors. - Remote work capability: Employees can work from home or any location, improving work-life balance. - Better communication: Faster communication through emails, instant messaging, and video calls. **7. Working patterns for employees A and E:** **Without the exact data, it's difficult to determine the exact working hours, but here\'s a general answer based on typical work schedules:** - Worker A: If they work flexible hours or shift patterns. - Worker B: If they work standard 9-5 hours. - Worker C and D: Might work part-time or compressed hours. - Worker E: Could work remotely or have flexible hours. **8. Advantages to management of allowing different work patterns:** - Increased productivity: Employees working during their most productive hours. - Employee satisfaction: Flexibility can improve employee morale and retention. - Cost savings: Reduced office space requirements or overtime pay. **9. Labour-saving devices used in the home with embedded microprocessors:** - Washing machine: Automatically adjusts cycles and settings for different loads. - Microwave oven: Embedded microprocessor to control cooking time and power. - Dishwasher: Adjusts water usage and cycle time based on load size. **10. Advantages and disadvantages of labour-saving devices in the home:** - **Advantages:\ ** - Saves time: Tasks such as washing and cleaning can be done automatically. - Convenience: Devices like microwaves or dishwashers make household chores easier. - Efficiency: Devices are designed to be energy-efficient, saving resources. - **Disadvantages:\ ** - Cost: The initial purchase cost of such devices can be high. - Dependence on technology: Over-reliance on these devices can lead to issues if they malfunction. - Environmental impact: Manufacturing and disposal of electronic devices can contribute to pollution. **11. Devices using embedded microprocessors (other than labour-saving devices):** - **Digital cameras:** Control functions like exposure, focus, and picture processing. - **Smartphones:** Run apps, manage communication, and perform tasks with the help of embedded processors. - **Wearable fitness trackers:** Monitor physical activity and sync data to other devices. **12. Advantages and disadvantages of devices (digital cameras, smartphones, fitness trackers):** - **Advantages:\ ** - Digital cameras: Produce high-quality images with ease and often have advanced features like automatic focusing. - Smartphones: Multifunctional devices that combine communication, entertainment, and productivity tools. - Fitness trackers: Help users monitor health and fitness in real-time, encouraging a healthier lifestyle. - **Disadvantages:\ ** - Digital cameras: Require frequent charging and are relatively expensive. - Smartphones: Can be addictive and may contribute to social isolation or health issues like eye strain. - Fitness trackers: May not always be accurate and can be uncomfortable to wear for long periods.