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# T-5 Industrial Revolution **1. Demographic Modernization (19th Century)** **1.1 Population Growth and Slow Demographic Transition** * **Population:** Increased from 10.5 million (1797) to 18.6 million (1900), an increase of 75%. * **Decline in Mortality:** Improved diet (maize and potatoes)...

# T-5 Industrial Revolution **1. Demographic Modernization (19th Century)** **1.1 Population Growth and Slow Demographic Transition** * **Population:** Increased from 10.5 million (1797) to 18.6 million (1900), an increase of 75%. * **Decline in Mortality:** Improved diet (maize and potatoes) and reduced wars/epidemics resulted in a decline in death rates. * **High Birth Rates:** Despite declining mortality, high birth rates continued. This resulted in a slower demographic transition. * **Life Expectancy:** Life expectancy in 1900 was 34.8 years in Europe (It was >45 in other areas). **1.2 Demographic Distribution** * **Increased Growth in Periphery:** Population growth is concentrated in peripheral areas of Spain. * **Stagnant Growth in Interior:** Growth was slower in central areas like Castile, Navarre and Aragon. **1.3 Rural-Urban Migration** * **Causes**: * Agricultural reform. * Improved transportation. * Urban attraction. * **Consequences**: * Population growth in cities (1836 - 10% of population in major cities). * 70% of the population lived in smaller villages with less than 20,000 inhabitants. * Transoceanic migration. * Overseas restrictions: Early emigration was focused on colonies such as Cuba and the Philippines. * Reasons for emigration: Population grew while job opportunities decreased, leading to economic hardship and pushing people to emigrate to Americas for better opportunities, or to other areas of Spain for temporary jobs. * Destinations: Destinations included America and periodic seasonal work in Africa. **2. Inefficiency of Agricultural Transformation** **2.1 Agricultural Reform** * **Objective**: To free landholdings and promote private property. * **Measures**: Abolition of feudal obligations, land redistribution, introduction of rent. **2.2 Production and Productivity** * **Crops Produced**: Wheat, corn, wine, olives, oranges. * **Land Usage**: Increased land under cultivation through reforms, although not all was efficiently utilized.. * **Results**: * Land concentration in the hands of wealthy landowners. * Peasants became tenant farmers. * Loss of communal lands further hurt peasants.. * Declining productivity due to land loss and tenant farming. **2.3 Land Ownership** * **Large Landholdings:** Large estates (latifundios) held by the wealthy. * **Small Landholdings:** Small farms and plots (minifundios) for many. * **Distribution**: * Large estates concentrated in Southern Spain. * Smaller landholdings prevalent in the North * Factors Affecting Outcomes: High levels of investment. Self-sufficiency, emigration (North). Limited investment (South).