Science, Technology and Society PDF

Okay, here is the content of the images converted into a structured markdown format: ## Science, Technology and Society ### Part 1: General Concepts and STS Historical Developments ### Historical Antecedents that Changed the Course of Science and Technology ## General Concepts and STS Historical...

Okay, here is the content of the images converted into a structured markdown format: ## Science, Technology and Society ### Part 1: General Concepts and STS Historical Developments ### Historical Antecedents that Changed the Course of Science and Technology ## General Concepts and STS Historical Developments ### Historical Antecedents in which Social Consideration Changed the Course of Science and Technology Welcome! Our subject title is "Science, Technology and Society". This part is about the "General Concepts and STS Historical Developments". Our topic is about "Historical Antecedents in Which Social Considerations Changed the Course of Science and Technology". *** ## General Concepts and STS Historical Developments Historical Antecedents in Which Social Considerations Changed the Course of Science and Technology ### LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Discuss the interactions between S\&T and society throughout history. 2. Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society and the environment. 3. Identify the paradigm shifts in history. 4. Creatively present the importance and contributions of science and technology to society. We have four learning outcomes to achieve by the end of this topic. *** ## History of Science and Technology ### Ancient World No one exactly knows where and when science and technology began. However, the earliest known technology are the **stone tools** (i.e. scrapers, hammers) used by humans during the Stone Age. The image shows a collection of stone tools (flint, chert, and obsidian) found at Skorba in Malta. Now, let us discuss the history of science and technology. No one exactly knows where and when science and technology began. However, the earliest known human technology are the stone tools like scrapers and hammers used by people during the Stone Age. *** ### Ancient World Later, early hunters, gatherers and foragers developed skills and techniques to use tools and make weapons, to use fire, and to identify edible plants and animals. The knowledge and practice spread as they migrated across continents. The first image shows people with handmade tools hunting deer with bows and arrows. The second image shows a person making tools. *** ### Ancient World Nearly 10,000 years ago, as the population grew and naturally available food sources declined, humans started to domesticate plants and animals. This preceded the Agricultural Revolution which started somewhere in the Middle East. The image shows an early Babylonian plough. *** ### Ancient World Agricultural Revolution led to the development of towns. New plants and animals were being grown for consumption. In this period, humans started to develop sun-dried bricks, ceramics, mortars and even metal products. The first known metal used by man is copper (6500 ВСЕ). The first image shows a Large Bowl from Germany (around 5000 B.C.). The second image shows Copper tools from Ancient Egypt. *** ### Ancient World By the end of the Agricultural Revolution, many products made from copper, bronze and iron have been developed. Development of ceramics also prospered. Wheels were developed for transportation. Writing was invented. The first image shows ancient ceramics The second image shows Cuneiform, one of the earliest writing system *** ### Ancient World After the Agricultural Revolution, scientific knowledge and technological advancements led to the rise of civilizations. These civilizations paved the way for more advancements in science and technology. Evidences of these are the many infrastructures built such as irrigations, roads and bridges. The image shows a drawing of two people one sitting on a chair. *** ## History of Science and Technology ### Classical Antiquity The next period is called 'Classical Antiquity', which was dominated by the Greek and Roman civilization. It was during this period when the current concept of science began. Specifically, it started with the Ionian School of philosophy, which introduced the earliest form of scientific method, based on reasoning and observation. *** ### Classical Antiquity The most notable Greek philosophers of this period are Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. They laid the foundation of modern-day science. They initiated the discipline of understanding of the universe and the natural world using the earliest form of scientific method. The first image shows Socrates. The second image shows Plato. The third image shows Aristotle. *** ### Classical Antiquity Socrates (470 - 399 BC) Socrates is known for his method of inquiry called **elenchus**. Using this method, a problem must be broken down into a series of questions that need to be answered. This is the basis of the current concept of making hypothesis for a specific research problem. The image shows Socrates *** ### Classical Antiquity Plato (427 - 347 BC) Plato is a student of Socrates. Plato believed that all substances are made up of earth, air, water and fire. He always emphasized the concept of 'proof' and insisted on having **concrete and clear hypothesis** in understanding nature. The image shows Plato. *** ### Classical Antiquity Aristotle (384 - 322 BC) Aristotle is a student of Plato. He is known for his **deductive method of scientific inquiry**. He believed that natural principles can be identified through careful observation, which is another foundational component of the scientific method. The image shows Aristotle. *** ### Classical Antiquity In Egypt, the city of Alexandria became a center of scientific knowledge. One of the first important scientific text from Africa is the **Edwin Smith Papyrus**. It is a medical text about ancient surgery methods. Also, knowledge on chemistry was applied in ancient cloth tanning, indigenous distillation and fermentation. The first image shows Edwin Smith Papyrus The second images shows Alexandria, Egypt. *** ### Classical Antiquity Meanwhile, in China, scientific knowledge and technological advancements were also increasing. Compass, ships, ceramics, and metal products were developed. The greatest construction achievement of China at the time was the **Great Wall** (220-206 BC). The first image shows The Great Wall and Nine Garrisons of Ming Dynasty. The second images shows a section of The Great Wall. *** ## History of Science and Technology ### Middle Ages Around 530 AD, the development of science and technology declined as it was affected by wars, famine, diseases, piracy, and poverty which were rampant at the time. The first image shows Athens, Greece The second image shows Alexandria, Egypt. *** ### Middle Ages The rise of Christianity in Europe was also considered a factor in the decline of science. The Church questioned many teachings and ideas of early philosophers and scientists. In addition, the Roman Empire from 530 AD to 1000 AD seemed less interested with theoretical science. The image shows the Roman Empire *** ### Middle Ages As science seemed to decline in Europe, the field of medicine remained and grew due to an important need. The deadly plague ravaged Europe and Christians felt the need to further their knowledge in medicine in order to develop a cure. The image shows a Medieval University *** ### Middle Ages From Europe, the center of science and technology shifted to China and nearby areas. In India, mathematics, medicine and astronomy were well-advanced. One of their greatest discovery is the importance of zero in mathematics, which prior to that time is not well-understood. The image shows Hindu astronomer *** ### Middle Ages The science of Islamic civilization was also well-developed. They developed astronomical tables, new chemicals such as borax, and new techniques. In medicine, they led the development of new instruments and humane treatments. However, they failed to advance further their study of anatomy as Islam prohibits body autopsy at that time. The image shows a Human eye (c. 1200) *** ### Middle Ages Science was revived in Europe by Emperor Charlemagne. He ordered the establishment of schools which became centers of knowledge and discovery. The Middle Ages brought many advancements such as the utilization of water and wind as source of energy and the development of moving objects and clocks. The image shows Emperor Charlemagne *** ## History of Science and Technology ### Modern Age At the latter part of the Middle Ages, the Age of Discovery and Exploration started. The explorations were made possible by advancements in science and technology. The two most important were the development of **ships that can withstand long voyages** and the invention of the compass. Advancements in geography and cartography also helped significantly. The image shows a map of different explorer's voyages. *** ### Modern Age After the Black Death, the societies in Europe became much smaller and disarrayed. Hence, people must find new ways to live. This led to the development of new tools, new techniques and discoveries. The revived Europe became more conducive for science and technology. This marked the end of the Middle Age and the start of the Modern Age. The map shows the Spread of Black Death. *** ### Modern Age The states in Europe encouraged technological advancements, primarily for defense and trade. Technology was taught in universities. Many artists also became scientists such as Leonardo da Vinci. This period is known as Renaissance. Renaissance is a cultural movement that is based on humanism, a system of thought that gives more importance to humans than supernatural powers. The image shows Leonardo da Vinci *** ### Modern Age In the latter part of Renaissance, the Scientific Revolution emerged. It started at the same time as the foundation of England's Royal Society which paved the way for a more organized scientific community. #### Sir Isaac Newton and Benjamin Franklin are two notable members of the Society. The first image shows Sir Isaac Newton. The second image shows Benjamin Franklin. *** ### Modern Age At the beginning of the Revolution, the invention of the telescope advanced the field of astronomy. Among the astronomers, Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) became the center of controversy due to his heliocentric view of the Universe, an idea that was opposed by the Church. This marked the so-called Copernican revolution, which was a shift from the geocentric view of the universe. The image show Nicolaus Copernicus *** ### Modern Age Another technology that significantly advanced science during the Renaissance is the microscope. The invention of the microscope paved the way for the understanding of microorganisms and the many types of diseases associated with them. The first image shows a microscope angled to the left. The second image shows standing microscopes angled to the right. *** ### Modern Age Perhaps, the leading figure of the Scientific Revolution is Galileo Galilei (1564-1642). He introduced experimentation using the scientific method. He also developed many mathematical explanations to many natural concepts. He invented many equipment and devices. His works led to the development of modern science. The image shows Galileo Galilei. *** ### Modern Age From 17th to 18th century, science and technology further developed. Another period emerged starting from the publication of Carolus Linnaeus' works on biological classification. This period is also known as the 'Enlightenment', which emphasized logic and reasoning. It was a shift from the Renaissance which was dominated by the teachings of the Church and of the early Greek and Roman Philosophers. *** ### Modern Age The leading figure of the 'Enlightenment' is Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727). His work, Principia, established the foundation of modern-day physics. He also led the use of scientific method in the understanding of the natural world. He developed theories from observations and experiments and used them to predict other phenomena. The image shows Sir Issac Newton *** Online Video Watching To help understand the period of Enlightenment, let us watch the following video. [https://www.history.com/topics/british-history/enlightenment](https://www.history.com/topics/british-history/enlightenment) *** ### Modern Age Due to society's demand to make things more efficient and faster, machines were developed. The most revolutionary of them is the steam engine. It was invented by James Watt (1736-1819) in 1765. The steam engine made many industrial processes possible. This is part of the Industrial Revolution. The images shows James Watt. *** ### Modern Age While the Industrial Revolution led to progress, it also marked the beginning of the rapid destruction of the environment. Many forests were destroyed to obtain wood, minerals and other resources. Rivers and other bodies of water were being polluted by the industrial wastes. The images shows a city during the industrial revolution and shows factory smog. *** ### Modern Age During this period, the science community and the society had some conflicts and controversies. One specific controversial theory was the Theory of Evolution proposed by Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace. It was opposed by the Church and the general public at that time. However, the theory is considered a milestone in the field of biology. The image shows Charles Darwin. *** ### Modern Age From 19th century, science advanced at a much rapid rate than any other period before. Science also emerged as a communal effort, wherein more collaborations among scientists occurred. More inventions and discoveries happened in this century. Scientific and technological advancements heavily impacted the society. New lifestyle, hobbies and habits emerged due