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hting system assembled from listed parts shall not be reconditioned. Listed System. The luminaires, power supply, and luminaire fittings (including the exposed bare conductors) of a low-voltage lighting system shall be listed for use as part of the same identified lighting system. Assembly of Liste...

hting system assembled from listed parts shall not be reconditioned. Listed System. The luminaires, power supply, and luminaire fittings (including the exposed bare conductors) of a low-voltage lighting system shall be listed for use as part of the same identified lighting system. Assembly of Listed Parts. A lighting system assembled from the following listed parts shall be permitted: Low-voltage luminaires identified for the use Power supply identified for the use Low-voltage luminaire fittings identified for the use Suitably rated cord or cable, or any Chapter 3 wiring method for the secondary circuit ENHANCED CONTENT Collapse A lighting system may be a complete listed system or an assembly of listed parts. Lighting systems have long been field assembled from individually listed low-voltage luminaires, a power supply, and a suitably rated cord or other fixed Chapter 3 wiring method. Installers typically verify that individually listed lighting system parts (regularly from multiple manufacturers) are intended for the use and have the needed ratings to create and assemble a low-voltage lighting system. 411.3 Voltage Limitations. The operating voltage of low-voltage lighting systems and their associated components shall not exceed 30 volts ac or 60 volts dc. If wet contact is likely to occur, the operating voltage of low-voltage lighting systems and their associated components shall not exceed 15 volts ac or 30 volts dc. Informational Note: See 680.1for swimming pools, fountains, and similar installations. ENHANCED CONTENT Collapse Article 411 covers low-voltage interior and exterior (landscape) lighting systems consisting of a maximum 30-volt isolating ac or 60-volt dc power supply. In wet locations where contact with the lighting system might occur, the maximum voltage limit is 15 volts ac or 30 volts dc. 411.4 Low-Voltage Lighting Systems. Low voltage lighting systems shall consist of an isolating power supply, low-voltage luminaires, and associated equipment that are all identified for the use. The output circuits of the power supply shall be rated for 25 amperes maximum under all load conditions. ENHANCED CONTENT Collapse Article 411 also applies to Class 2 luminaires operating above 30 volts (42.4 volts peak voltage). This permits luminaires operating up to 60 volts dc to be installed without grounding, in accordance with 411.7(A). Grounding is not a necessary safety measure for products operating from an isolating source, especially where voltages are within Class 2 limits. What distinguishes Article 411 from Article 410 is the voltage limitation and isolation requirement, both of which allow for a different scheme for protection against electric shock injury. 411.6 Specific Location Requirements. (A) Walls, Floors, and Ceilings. Conductors concealed or extended through a wall, floor, or ceiling shall be in accordance with one of the following: (1) Installed using any of the wiring methods specified in Chapter 3 Installed using wiring supplied by a listed Class 2 power source and installed in accordance with 725.130 Pools, Spas, Fountains, and Similar Locations. Lighting systems shall be installed not less than 3 m (10 ft) horizontally from the nearest edge of the water, unless permitted elsewhere in this Code. ENHANCED CONTENT Collapse The installation requirements of 411.6 recognize that shock and fire hazards exist even with low-voltage systems. 411.7 Secondary Circuits. (A) Grounding. Secondary circuits shall not be grounded. Exception: Secondary circuits supplied by a Class 2 power source listed and identified as suitable for secondary grounding shall be permitted to be grounded. (B) Isolation. The secondary circuit shall be insulated from the branch circuit by an isolating transformer. Bare Conductors. Exposed bare conductors and current-carrying parts shall be permitted for indoor installations only. Bare conductors shall not be installed less than 2.1 m (7 ft) above the finished floor, unless specifically listed for a lower installation height. ENHANCED CONTENT Collapse Low-voltage bare conductor systems (i.e., trapeze lights) must be listed as a system. A system listing is necessary for these products because they often rely on special detection circuitry to address the fire risk associated with a conductive material shorting across the exposed conductors. 411.8 Branch Circuit. Lighting systems covered by this article shall be supplied from a maximum 20-ampere branch circuit. Article 422 Appliances Part I. General 422.1 Scope. This article covers electrical appliances used in any occupancy. ENHANCED CONTENT Collapse Article 422 covers appliances that are fastened in place or cord-and-plug-connected, such as air-conditioning units, dishwashers, heating appliances, water heaters, and infrared heating lamps. See Article 100 for the definition of appliance. 422.5 GFCI Protection. General. Appliances identified in 422.5(A)(1) through (A)(7) 150 volts or less to ground and 60 amperes or less, single- or 3-phase, shall be provided with Class A protection for personnel. Multiple Class A protective devices shall be permitted but shall not be required. Automotive vacuum machines Drinking water coolers and bottle fill stations Cord-and-plug-connected high-pressure spray washing machines Tire inflation machines Vending machines Sump pumps Dishwashers Informational Note: Section 210.8 specifies requirements for GFCI protection for the branch-circuit outlet where the covered location warrants such protection. ENHANCED CONTENT Collapse This GFCI requirement applies to the specified appliances whether hard-wired or cord-and-plug-connected. Water coolers are required to have GFCI protection. Tire inflation and automotive vacuum machines at service stations and car washes are often subject to exposure to the elements and damage from vehicles. In addition, they are used under all types of environmental conditions. Prior to 2005, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) investigated four separate electrocution incidents and three nonfatal shock incidents involving vending machines. Those investigations led to a requirement that vending machines be provided with GFCI protection. Type and Location. The GFCI shall be readily accessible, listed, and located in one or more of the following locations: Within the branch-circuit overcurrent device A device or outlet within the supply circuit An integral part of the attachment plug Within the supply cord not more than 300 mm (12 in.) from the attachment plug Factory installed within the appliance ENHANCED CONTENT Collapse Several options are available for providing GFCI protection for appliances. The requirement that GFCI protection be “readily accessible” facilitates required periodic testing as well as the resetting of a tripped device. 422.6 Listing Required. All appliances supplied by 50 volts or higher shall be listed. Part II. Installation 422.10 Branch Circuits. Branch circuits supplying appliances shall comply with 422.10(A) or (B). Individual Branch Circuits. Individual branch circuits supplying appliances shall comply with the following as applicable: The ampacities of branch-circuit conductors shall not be less than the marked rating of the appliance or the marked rating of an appliance having combined loads. The ampacities of branch-circuit conductors for motor-operated appliances not having a marked rating shall be in accordance with Part II of Article 430. The branch-circuit rating for an appliance that is a continuous load, other than a motor-operated appliance, shall not be less than 125 percent of the marked rating, or not less than 100 percent of the marked rating if the branch-circuit device and its assembly are listed for continuous loading at 100 percent of its rating. Branch circuits and branch-circuit conductors for household ranges and cooking appliances shall be permitted to be in accordance with Table 220.55 and shall be sized in accordance with 210.19(C). Branch Circuits Supplying Two or More Loads. For branch circuits supplying appliances and other loads, the rating shall be determined in accordance with 210.23. 422.11 Overcurrent Protection. Appliances shall be protected against overcurrent in accordance with 422.11(A) through (G) and 422.10. Branch-Circuit Overcurrent Protection. Branch circuits shall be protected in accordance with 240.4. If a protective device rating is marked on an appliance, the branch-circuit overcurrent device rating shall not exceed the protective device rating marked on the appliance. ENHANCED CONTENT Collapse A listed appliance is provided with installation instructions from the manufacturer. The branch-circuit size must meet the minimum size stated in the installation instructions. See also 110.3(B) and its enhanced content regarding the installation and use of listed or labeled equipment. Household-Type Appliances with Surface Heating Elements. Household-type appliances with surface heating elements having a maximum demand of more than 60 amperes calculated in accordance with Table 220.55 shall have their power supply subdivided into two or more circuits, each of which shall be provided with overcurrent protection rated at not over 50 amperes. Infrared Lamp Commercial and Industrial Heating Appliances. Infrared lamp commercial and industrial heating appliances shall have overcurrent protection not exceeding 50 amperes. Open-Coil or Exposed Sheathed-Coil Types of Surface Heating Elements in Commercial-Type Heating Appliances. Open-coil or exposed sheathed-coil types of surface heating elements in commercial-type heating appliances shall be protected by overcurrent protective devices rated at not over 50 amperes. Single Non-Motor-Operated Appliance. If the branch circuit supplies a single non-motor-operated appliance, the rating of overcurrent protection shall comply with the following: Not exceed the overcurrent protection rating marked on the appliance. Not exceed 20 amperes if the overcurrent protection rating is not marked and the appliance is rated 13.3 amperes or less. Not exceed 150 percent of the appliance rated current if the overcurrent protection rating is not marked and the appliance is rated over 13.3 amperes. Where 150 percent of the appliance rating does not correspond to a standard overcurrent device ampere rating, the next higher standard rating shall be permitted. Electric Heating Appliances Employing Resistance-Type Heating Elements Rated More Than 48 Amperes. Electric Heating Appliances. Electric heating appliances employing resistance-type heating elements rated more than 48 amperes, other than household appliances with surface heating elements covered by 422.11(B), and commercial-type heating appliances covered by 422.11(D), shall have the heating elements subdivided. Each subdivided load shall not exceed 48 amperes, and each subdivided load shall be protected at not more than 60 amperes. These supplementary overcurrent protective devices shall be (1) factory-installed within or on the heater enclosure or provided as a separate assembly by the heater manufacturer; (2) accessible; and (3) suitable for branch-circuit protection. The main conductors supplying these overcurrent protective devices shall be considered branch-circuit conductors. Commercial Kitchen and Cooking Appliances. Commercial kitchen and cooking appliances using sheathed-type heating elements not covered in 422.11(D) shall be permitted to be subdivided into circuits not exceeding 120 amperes and protected at not more than 150 amperes where one of the following is met: Elements are integral with and enclosed within a cooking surface. Elements are completely contained within an enclosure identified as suitable for this use. Elements are contained within an ASME-rated and stam⁠ped vessel. Water Heaters and Steam Boilers. Resistance-type immersion electric heating elements shall be permitted to be subdivided into circuits not exceeding 120 amperes and protected at not more than 150 amperes as follows: Where contained in ASME-rated and stamped vessels Where included in listed instantaneous water heaters Where installed in low-pressure water heater tanks or open-outlet water heater vessels Informational Note: See IEC 60335-2-21, Household and similar electrical appliances — Safety — Particular requirements for storage water heaters, for information on low-pressure and open-outlet heaters are atmospheric pressure water heaters (G) Motor-Operated Appliances. Motors of motor-operated appliances shall be provided with overload protection in accordance with Part III of Article 430. Hermetic refrigerant motor-compressors in air-conditioning or refrigerating equipment shall be provided with overload protection in accordance with Part VI of Article 440. Where appliance overcurrent protective devices that are separate from the appliance are required, data for selection of these devices shall be marked on the appliance. The minimum marking shall be that specified in 430.7 and 440.4. 422.12 Central Heating Equipment. Central heating equipment other than fixed electric space-heating equipment shall be supplied by an individual branch circuit. Exception No. 1: Auxiliary equipment, such as a pump, valve, humidifier, or electrostatic air cleaner directly associated with the heating equipment, shall be permitted to be connected to the same branch circuit. Exception No. 2: Permanently connected air-conditioning equipment shall be permitted to be connected to the same branch circuit. ENHANCED CONTENT Collapse Exception No. 1 permits electric motors, ignition systems, controls, and so forth of fossil fuel-fired central heating equipment to be connected to the same individual branch circuit. Exception No. 2 allows a permanently connected air-conditioning unit to be supplied from a branch circuit that supplies central heating equipment other than fixed electric space-heating equipment, because central heating equipment and air-conditioning equipment are considered unlikely to operate at the same time. 422.13 Storage-Type Water Heaters. The branch-circuit overcurrent device and conductors for fixed storage-type water heaters that have a capacity of 450 L (120 gal) or less shall have an ampere rating of not less than 125 percent of the ampere rating of the water heater. Informational Note: See 422.10 for branch-circuit rating. 422.16 Flexible Cords. (A) General. Flexible cord shall be permitted as follows: (1) To connect appliances to facilitate their frequent interchange or to prevent the transmission of noise or vibration. To facilitate the removal or disconnection of appliances that are fastened in place, where the fastening means and mechanical connections are specifically designed to permit ready removal for maintenance or repair and the appliance is intended or identified for flexible cord connection. All cord-and-plug-connected electrically heated appliances that produce temperatures in excess of 121°C (250°F) on surfaces with which the cord is likely to be in contact shall be provided with one of the types of heater cords listed in Table 400.4. Specific Appliances. Electrically Operated In-Sink Waste Disposers. Electrically operated in-sink waste disposers shall be permitted to be cord-and-plug-connected with a flexible cord identified as suitable in the installation instructions of the appliance manufacturer where all of the following conditions are met: The length of the cord is not less than 450 mm (18 in.) and not exceeding 900 mm (36 in.). Receptacles are located to protect against physical damage to the flexible cord. The receptacle is accessible. The flexible cord has an equipment grounding conductor and is terminated with a grounding-type attachment plug. Exception: A listed appliance distinctly marked to identify it as protected by a system of double insulation shall not be required to be terminated with a grounding-type attachment plug. ENHANCED CONTENT Collapse All cord-connected waste disposers are covered by this requirement whether they are in a sink at a kitchen, prep area at a deli counter, or a bar. The kitchen waste disposer shown below is an example of a cord-and-plug-connected appliance with mechanical connections designed to permit removal. (Courtesy of the National Electrical Contractors Association) To facilitate control of the waste disposer from a wall location, the receptacle is permitted to be switched by a general-use snap switch as long as the load does not exceed the requirements of 404.14(A)(4). Because the waste disposer shown here is located in a kitchen, the 120-volt receptacle feeding the waste disposer requires GFCI protection based on 210.8(A)(6) requirements. Built-in Dishwashers and Trash Compactors. Built-in dishwashers and trash compactors shall be permitted to be cord-and-plug-connected with a flexible cord identified as suitable for the purpose in the installation instructions of the appliance manufacturer where all of the following conditions are met: For a trash compactor, the length of the cord is not less than 0.9 m (3 ft) and not exceeding 1.2 m (4 ft) measured from the face of the attachment plug to the plane of the rear of the appliance. For a built-in dishwasher, the length of the cord is not less than 0.9 m (3 ft) and not exceeding 2.0 m (6.5 ft) measured from the face of the attachment plug to the plane of the rear of the appliance. Receptacles are located to protect against physical damage to the flexible cord. The receptacle for a trash compactor is located in the space occupied by the appliance or adjacent thereto. If a flexible cord passes through an opening, it shall be protected against damage by a bushing, grommet, smoothed edge, or other approved means. The receptacle for a built-in dishwasher is located in the space adjacent to the space occupied by the dishwasher. If a flexible cord passes through an opening, it shall be protected against damage by a bushing, grommet, smoothed edge, or other approved means. The receptacle is accessible. The flexible cord has an equipment grounding conductor that is terminated with a grounding-type attachment plug. Exception: A listed appliance distinctly marked to identify it as protected by a system of double insulation shall not be required to be terminated with a grounding-type attachment plug. (3) Wall-Mounted Ovens and Counter-Mounted Cooking Units. Wall-mounted ovens and counter-mounted cooking units complete with provisions for mounting and for making electrical connections shall be permitted to be permanently connected or cord-and-plug-connected with a flexible cord identified as suitable for the purpose in the installation instructions of the appliance manufacturer. A separable connector or a plug and receptacle combination in the supply line to an oven or cooking unit shall be identified for the temperature of the space in which it is located. Range Hoods and Microwave Oven/Range Hood Combinations. Range hoods and over-the-range microwave ovens with integral range hoods shall be permitted to be cord-and-plug-connected with a flexible cord identified as suitable for use on range hoods in the installation instructions of the appliance manufacturer, where all of the following conditions are met: The length of the cord is not less than 450 mm (18 in.) and not exceeding 1.2 m (4 ft). Receptacles are located to protect against physical damage to the flexible cord. The receptacle is supplied by an individual branch circuit. The receptacle is accessible. The flexible cord has an equipment grounding conductor and is terminated with a grounding-type attachment plug. Exception: A listed appliance distinctly marked to identify it as protected by a system of double insulation shall not be required to be terminated with a grounding-type attachment plug. 422.17 Protection of Combustible Material. Each electrically heated appliance that is intended by size, weight, and service to be located in a fixed position shall be placed so as to provide protection between the appliance and adjacent combustible material. 422.18 Ceiling-Suspended (Paddle) Fans. Support. Ceiling-suspended (paddle) fans shall be supported independently of an outlet box or by one of the following: A listed outlet box or listed outlet box system identified for fan support installed in accordance with 314.27(C) A listed outlet box system, a listed weight-supporting ceiling receptacle, and a compatible factory-installed weight-supporting attachment fitting that is installed in accordance with 314.27(E) ENHANCED CONTENT Collapse The fan must be supported from the building structure if the outlet box or system is not identified to support a paddle fan. An outlet box identified for support of a paddle fan must be marked with the maximum weight it is permitted to support if the weight exceeds 35 pounds. An example of a listed outlet box used to support a paddle fan is pictured below. (Courtesy of Hubbell Incorporated) See also 314.27(E) and its enhanced content, as well as the enhanced content following the definition of the term receptacle in Article 100. Location. No metal parts of ceiling-suspended (paddle) fans in bathrooms and shower spaces shall be located within a zone measured 900 mm (3 ft) horizontally and 2.5 m (8 ft) vertically from the top of the bathtub rim or shower stall threshold. This zone is all-encompassing and shall include the space directly over the tub or shower stall. 422.19 Space for Conductors. The combined volume of the canopy of ceiling-suspended (paddle) fans and outlet box shall provide sufficient space so that conductors and their connecting devices are capable of being installed in accordance with 314.16. 422.20 Outlet Boxes to Be Covered. In a completed installation, each outlet box shall be provided with a cover unless covered by means of a ceiling-suspended (paddle) fan canopy. 422.21 Covering of Combustible Material at Outlet Boxes. Any combustible ceiling finish that is exposed between the edge of a ceiling-suspended (paddle) fan canopy or pan and an outlet box and that has a surface area of 1160 mm2 (180 in.2) or more shall be covered with noncombustible material. 422.22 Utilizing Separable Attachment Fittings. Appliances shall be permitted to use listed weight-supporting ceiling receptacles in combination with compatible weight-supporting attachment fittings used within their ratings and used in accordance with 314.27(E). Part III. Disconnecting Means 422.30 General. A means shall be provided to simultaneously disconnect each appliance from all ungrounded conductors in accordance with the following sections of Part III. If an appliance is supplied by more than one branch circuit or feeder, these disconnecting means shall be grouped and identified as being the multiple disconnecting means for the appliance. Each disconnecting means shall simultaneously disconnect all ungrounded conductors that it controls. 422.31 Disconnection of Permanently Connected Appliances. For appliances that do not have a disconnecting means in accordance with 422.33 or 422.34, a disconnecting means shall be provided in accordance with 422.31(A), (B), or (C). Rated at Not over 300 Volt-Amperes or 1⁄8 Horsepower. For permanently connected appliances rated at not over 300 volt-amperes or 1⁄8 hp, the branch-circuit overcurrent device shall be permitted to serve as the disconnecting means where the switch or circuit breaker is within sight from the appliance or be capable of being locked in the open position in compliance with 110.25. Appliances Rated over 300 Volt-Amperes. For permanently connected appliances rated over 300 volt-amperes, the branch-circuit switch or circuit breaker shall be permitted to serve as the disconnecting means where the switch or circuit breaker is within sight from the appliance or be capable of being locked in the open position