Cebuano Study Notes PDF

Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking November 7, 2005 1 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 For Cat...

Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking November 7, 2005 1 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 For Cathy, Without whom my journey into Cebuano Would never have begun Copyright © 2005 by Tom Marking All rights reserved. The reader may download multiple copies of this document from the web site as long as they are for personal use. Commercial use of this document is prohibited. Modifying this document without the written permission of the author is prohibited. 2 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 Abstract Title: Cebuano Study Notes Author: Tom Marking Date: November 7, 2005 Format: PDF (Adobe Acrobat Reader 4.0 or higher) Number of Pages: 250 Availability: Can be downloaded from the following web site: http://www.tomandcathymarking.com/cebuano.htm Price: Free Description: Cebuano Study Notes was written for the beginning Cebuano student who would like to extend his or her knowledge of the language. It provides concise information on the Cebuano language with a particular focus on the grammar. It has the following features: Covers all the major parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, verbs, pseudoverbs, etc. Includes information on phonemes, accents, morphological processes, and regional dialects. Includes a language map showing the areas where Cebuano is spoken. Contains a total of 2,285 example Cebuano sentences. Each Cebuano sentence has a corresponding English translation. Contains 300 grammar formulas covering all aspects of the Cebuano language. Contains 100 commonly used verbs. Each verb is displayed on its own page with up to 23 conjugations listed. Each conjugation has an example Cebuano sentence and its corresponding English translation. 3 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 Table of Contents 1. Introduction........................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Conventions.................................................................................................................. 8 1.2 Formula Notation.......................................................................................................... 9 2. Language Map of the Philippines....................................................................................10 3. Language Map of Cebuano Dialects...............................................................................11 4. Phonemes...........................................................................................................................12 4.1 Alphabet.......................................................................................................................12 4.2 Vowels.........................................................................................................................13 4.3 Diphthongs and Consonant Combinations............................................................14 5. Accents................................................................................................................................14 6. Morphological Processes..................................................................................................15 6.1 Assimilation.................................................................................................................15 6.2 Deletion........................................................................................................................16 6.3 Metathesis...................................................................................................................16 6.4 Epenthesis...................................................................................................................17 6.5 Alternation...................................................................................................................17 7. Contractions........................................................................................................................17 8. Dialects................................................................................................................................18 8.1 Cebu City Dialect.......................................................................................................18 8.2 Provincial Dialect........................................................................................................19 9. Nouns...................................................................................................................................19 9.1 Personal Nouns..........................................................................................................19 9.2 Impersonal Nouns......................................................................................................21 9.3 Pluralizer......................................................................................................................21 9.4 Linkers.........................................................................................................................21 9.5 Particularizers.............................................................................................................22 9.6 Noun List.....................................................................................................................23 9.6.1 People and Professions....................................................................................23 9.6.2 Doer of Some Action.........................................................................................26 9.6.3 Family...................................................................................................................27 9.6.4 Parts of the Body................................................................................................28 9.6.5 Food and Eating.................................................................................................30 9.6.6 Things You Wear...............................................................................................32 9.6.7 Household Items................................................................................................34 9.6.8 Around Town.......................................................................................................36 9.6.9 In School..............................................................................................................38 9.6.10 Nationalities and Languages............................................................................39 9.6.11 Animals................................................................................................................42 9.6.12 Nature and the Weather....................................................................................43 9.6.13 Related to Time..................................................................................................46 9.6.14 Seasons of the Year..........................................................................................47 9.6.15 Months of the Year.............................................................................................47 9.6.16 Days of the Week...............................................................................................47 9.6.17 Units of Measure................................................................................................48 9.6.18 Singularized Plurals...........................................................................................49 4 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 9.6.19 Nouns Formed from Adjectives.......................................................................50 10. Pronouns.........................................................................................................................52 10.1 Personal Pronouns....................................................................................................52 10.2 Demonstrative Pronouns..........................................................................................57 10.3 Relative Pronouns......................................................................................................59 10.4 Indefinite Pronouns....................................................................................................60 10.5 Reflexive Pronouns....................................................................................................60 10.6 Interrogative Pronouns..............................................................................................62 11. Adjectives........................................................................................................................63 11.1 Forming Noun Phrases (Single Adjective).............................................................63 11.2 Forming Noun Phrases (Two Adjectives)...............................................................63 11.3 Plural Adjectives.........................................................................................................64 11.4 Intensifying an Adjective...........................................................................................64 11.5 Exclamatory Adjectives.............................................................................................65 11.6 Comparative Adjectives............................................................................................65 11.7 Superlative Adjectives...............................................................................................65 11.8 Adjectives Used to Express Equivalence...............................................................66 11.9 Negating Adjectives...................................................................................................67 11.10 Adjectives of Diminutive Degree..........................................................................67 11.11 Adjective List...........................................................................................................68 11.11.1 Antonyms.........................................................................................................68 11.11.2 Colors...............................................................................................................73 11.11.3 Numbers..........................................................................................................74 11.11.4 Quantities........................................................................................................76 11.11.5 Money..............................................................................................................77 11.11.6 Ordinal Numbers............................................................................................78 11.11.7 Adjectives Formed from Nouns and Verb Roots.......................................79 12. Adverbs............................................................................................................................81 12.1 Adverbs Which Modify Adjectives...........................................................................81 12.2 Adverbs Formed from Adjectives............................................................................81 12.3 Adverbs Used to Express Frequency.....................................................................82 12.4 Adverb List..................................................................................................................82 12.4.1 Time of Day.........................................................................................................82 12.4.2 Days of the Week...............................................................................................84 12.4.3 Months and Dates..............................................................................................85 12.4.4 Going Back in Time...........................................................................................85 12.4.5 Other Expressions of Time...............................................................................86 12.4.6 Miscellaneous Adverbs.....................................................................................88 13. Prepositions....................................................................................................................89 13.1 For................................................................................................................................89 13.2 From.............................................................................................................................90 13.3 Of..................................................................................................................................90 13.4 To..................................................................................................................................91 13.5 Miscellaneous Prepositions......................................................................................91 14. Conjunctions...................................................................................................................95 15. Particles...........................................................................................................................97 15.1 Multiple Particles........................................................................................................98 16. Verbs..............................................................................................................................100 5 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 16.1 Voice..........................................................................................................................100 16.2 Mood..........................................................................................................................101 16.3 Tense.........................................................................................................................101 16.4 Verb Roots and Verb Stems...................................................................................102 16.5 Conjugation Table....................................................................................................103 16.6 Comments on the Conjugation Table...................................................................104 16.7 Infinitives....................................................................................................................105 16.8 Sentence Structure..................................................................................................106 16.8.1 Affirmative Equational Statements................................................................108 16.8.2 Negative Equational Statements...................................................................108 16.8.3 Equational Questions......................................................................................109 16.8.4 Simple Questions.............................................................................................110 16.8.5 Affirmative Active Voice Statements.............................................................110 16.8.6 Negative Active Voice Statements................................................................111 16.8.7 Affirmative Active Voice Commands.............................................................112 16.8.8 Negative Active Voice Commands................................................................113 16.8.9 Confirmation Questions in the Active Voice.................................................114 16.8.10 General Questions in the Active Voice.....................................................115 16.8.11 Affirmative Direct Passive Voice Statements..........................................116 16.8.12 Negative Direct Passive Voice Statements.............................................117 16.8.13 Affirmative Direct Passive Voice Commands..........................................118 16.8.14 Negative Direct Passive Voice Commands.............................................119 16.8.15 Confirmation Questions in the Direct Passive Voice..............................119 16.8.16 General Questions in the Direct Passive Voice......................................120 16.8.17 Affirmative Indirect Passive Voice Statements........................................121 16.8.18 Negative Indirect Passive Voice Statements...........................................122 16.8.19 Affirmative Indirect Passive Voice Commands.......................................122 16.8.20 Negative Indirect Passive Voice Commands...........................................123 16.8.21 Confirmation Questions in the Indirect Passive Voice...........................123 16.8.22 General Questions in the Indirect Passive Voice....................................124 16.8.23 Affirmative Instrumental Passive Voice Statements...............................125 16.8.24 Negative Instrumental Passive Voice Statements..................................126 16.8.25 Affirmative Instrumental Passive Voice Commands...............................126 16.8.26 Negative Instrumental Passive Voice Commands..................................127 16.8.27 Confirmation Questions in the Instrumental Passive Voice..................127 16.8.28 General Questions in the Instrumental Passive Voice...........................128 16.9 Verb List.....................................................................................................................129 17. Pseudoverbs.................................................................................................................230 17.1 To Like, To Want......................................................................................................230 17.1.1 Simple Affirmative Statements.......................................................................230 17.1.2 Simple Negative Statements..........................................................................231 17.1.3 Compound Affirmative Statements...............................................................231 17.1.4 Compound Negative Statements...................................................................232 17.1.5 Confirmation Questions...................................................................................233 17.1.6 General Questions...........................................................................................234 17.2 Must, To Have To.....................................................................................................235 17.2.1 Compound Affirmative Statements...............................................................235 17.2.2 Compound Negative Statements...................................................................236 6 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 17.2.3 Confirmation Questions...................................................................................236 17.2.4 General Questions...........................................................................................237 17.3 To Wish......................................................................................................................237 17.4 To Have.....................................................................................................................238 17.4.1 Affirmative Statements....................................................................................238 17.4.2 Negative Statements.......................................................................................239 17.4.3 Confirmation Questions...................................................................................239 17.4.4 General Questions...........................................................................................240 17.5 There Is, There Is Not.............................................................................................241 17.5.1 Affirmative Statements....................................................................................241 17.5.2 Negative Statements.......................................................................................241 17.5.3 Confirmation Questions...................................................................................242 17.6 Is Here, Is There, Is Over There............................................................................242 17.6.1 Affirmative Statements....................................................................................242 17.6.2 Negative Statements.......................................................................................243 17.6.3 Confirmation Questions...................................................................................243 17.7 Alternative to the Abilitive Mood............................................................................244 17.7.1 Affirmative Statements....................................................................................244 17.7.2 Negative Statements.......................................................................................245 17.7.3 Confirmation Questions...................................................................................245 17.7.4 General Questions...........................................................................................246 18. Reciprocal Action.........................................................................................................246 19. Reciprocal Commands................................................................................................247 20. Greetings and Expressions........................................................................................248 7 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 1. Introduction I wrote this document in order to aid myself in learning the Cebuano language. It is a distillation of knowledge which I have obtained from various sources over approximately five years of trying to learn Cebuano. I hope it can be of assistance to you in your quest to master the Cebuano language. Cebuano is the primary language of approximately 15 million people living in the central Philippines (i.e., the Visayas) and also large parts of Mindanao. It is spoken in the following regions: Cebu Bohol Western Leyte Eastern Negros Northern coast of Mindanao Davao region of Mindanao It has the following language classification: Austronesian o Malayo-Polynesian ß Western Malayo-Polynesian Meso Philippine o Central Philippine ß Visayan Cebuan o Cebuano 1.1 Conventions The following conventions are used throughout this document: Bolding will be used to emphasize example words, letters, and affixes (e.g., mikaon). Optional components of a word will be enclosed in parentheses. Thus, (ka)nimo indicates that the ka is optional (e.g., the word can be either kanimo or nimo). In actual example Cebuano sentences the parentheses will not be used (e.g., Misumbag ako kanimo or Misumbag ako nimo). A phoneme is a basic speech sound which cannot be broken down into more primitive sounds. It may be represented by either a single letter (e.g., a, b, k) or by a group of letters (e.g., ts). 8 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 1.2 Formula Notation Formulas are used to describe various grammar rules in Cebuano. The following conventions are used for formulas: Literals are denoted by bold letters (e.g., ang, pinaka, etc.) Variables are enclosed in angle brackets (e.g., , , etc.) Plus signs denote word boundaries (e.g., ang + mga + ) A literal which precedes a variable with no intervening plus sign represents a prefix (e.g., pinaka ) A literal which follows a variable with no intervening plus sign represents a suffix (e.g., on ) 9 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 2. Language Map of the Philippines Language Color # of Speakers Tagalog 17 million (national language) Cebuano (Visayan) 15 million Luzon Ilocano 8 million Hiligaynon (Visayan) 7 million (i.e., Ilonggo) Bicolano 3.5 million Waray-Waray (Visayan) 2.5 million Pampangan 1.9 million Manila Pangasinan 1.2 million Mindoro Samar Panay Visayas Palawan Leyte Cebu Negros Bohol Mindanao 10 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 3. Language Map of Cebuano Dialects Dialect Color Cebu City dialect: l is pronounced as w when it occurs between the following vowels: o/u and a: ulan is pronounced as uwan a and o/u: balod is pronounced as bawod a and a: halang is pronounced as hang Luzon Provincial dialect (spelling follows this dialect): l is pronounced as l when it occurs between the following vowels: o/u and a: ulan is pronounced as ulan a and o/u: balod is pronounced as balod a and a: halang is pronounced as halang Manila Mindoro Samar Panay Visayas Palawan Leyte Cebu Negros Bohol Mindanao 11 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 4. Phonemes 4.1 Alphabet There are 15 consonants and 3 vowels in Cebuano: Letter Mnemonic Classification Description a ah vowel central tongue advancement b ba consonant bilabial k ka consonant velar d da consonant alveolar i/e ee/ih vowel frontal tongue advancement g ga consonant velar h ha consonant glottal l la consonant alveolar m ma consonant bilabial n na consonant alveolar ng nga consonant nasal o/u oh/oo vowel back tongue advancement p pa consonant bilabial r ra consonant alveolar s sa consonant alveolar t ta consonant alveolar w wa consonant labio-velar y ya consonant palatal The letter g is always pronounced like a hard g in English (e.g., get). Unlike English, in Cebuano the ng sound can occur at the beginning of a word (e.g., ngalan). It takes a while for an English speaker to master this pronunciation. The following letters are absent from Cebuano except for foreign words: c (hard c is replaced by k; soft c is replaced by s) f (replaced by p) j (replaced by dy) q (replaced by kw) v (replaced by b) x (replaced by ks) z 12 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 4.2 Vowels There are only 3 vowel sounds in Cebuano: a is always pronounced like the first vowel in the English word father. i and e are interchangeable. There is no difference in pronunciation between the two of them. i/e is either pronounced like the second vowel in the English word taxi (e.g., gabii) or like the vowel in the English word it (e.g., pansit). o and u are interchangeable. There is no difference in pronunciation between the two of them. In vowel-consonant syllables o/u is pronounced like the vowel in the English word cute (e.g., ug). In consonant-vowel syllables o/u is pronounced like the vowel in the English word coat (e.g., ko). If two vowels are adjacent to one another then they do NOT form a diphthong. Rather, each vowel must be pronounced separately (e.g., taas, gabii, makainom). There are a number of spelling rules pertaining to vowels: e is only used after y (e.g., babaye) except for words of Spanish origin (e.g., edad) o is used for the last syllable of a word and u is used for previous syllables (e.g., mubo) but there are some notable exceptions: o affixes use o (e.g., mopalit, paliton, kan-onon) o certain words of Spanish origin use o (e.g., Dominggo) o certain words built on the repetition of subunits keep the o (e.g., bongbong) o if affixes are added the o can change to u because it is no longer in the last syllable (e.g., Sugbo changes to Sugbuanon) o og is used as a nonspecific objective case marker and ug is used as the conjunction and o kon means if and kun means or 13 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 4.3 Diphthongs and Consonant Combinations There are 3 diphthongs in Cebuano: Diphthong Sounds like the vowel in the English word aw cow (e.g., ikaw) ay sky (e.g., balay) oy /uy toy (e.g., kahoy, pinuy-anan) The following consonant combinations are of interest: Consonants Description by there is an implicit i before the y (e.g., Byernes) dy pronounced like the English j (e.g., dyipni) kw pronounced like the English q (e.g., kwarta) my there is an implicit i before the y (e.g., Myerkoles) nw there is an implicit u before the w (e.g., nwebe) ny there is an implicit i before the y (e.g., nyebe) py there is an implicit i before the y (e.g., pyano) sy there is an implicit i before the y (e.g., syento) ts pronounced like the English ch (e.g., otso) 5. Accents There are a number of rules concerning accents in Cebuano: Words of Cebuano origin have their accent either on the last syllable (e.g., karon) or on the second to the last syllable (e.g., mahigugma). If a word is composed of duplicate subunits then the primary accent goes on the second occurrence of the subunit and the secondary accent goes on the first occurrence (e.g., buangbuang has a primary accent on the 4th syllable and a secondary accent on the 2nd syllable). If a Cebuano word ends with a vowel then the final vowel may contain a glottal stop. The final vowel sounds like it is cut off abruptly (e.g., dako, mubo). Cebuano words ending with the o/u vowel (spelled o) typically have a glottal stop. 14 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 Borrowing from Tagalog we can define the following accent patterns for Cebuano words: o malumay : accent on second to last syllable, no glottal stop on final vowel (e.g., se’ro - Spanish origin and hence no glottal stop) o malumi : accent on second to last syllable, glottal stop on final vowel (e.g., napu’lo) o mabilis : accent on last syllable, no glottal stop on final vowel (e.g., usa’) o maragsa : accent on last syllable, glottal stop on final vowel (e.g., dako’) Certain Cebuano words contain an internal pause which is represented by a hyphen (e.g., bag-o, tan-aw). Sometimes the placement of the accent determines the meaning of the word. Here are some examples: o tu’o (accent on 1st syllable) - verb root meaning to believe o tuo’ (accent on 2nd syllable) - adjective meaning right o wa’la (accent on 1st syllable) - verb root meaning to become lost o wala’ (accent on 2nd syllable, no glottal stop) - adjective meaning left o wala’ (accent on 2nd syllable, glottal stop) - noun meaning none o a’mo (accent on 1st syllable, no glottal stop) - noun meaning master o a’mo (accent on 1st syllable, glottal stop) - adjective meaning our o amo’ (accent on 2nd syllable, glottal stop) - noun meaning monkey 6. Morphological Processes There are a number of morphological processes which occur in the Cebuano language. Most of these processes exist in order to achieve euphony (i.e., they make the word easier to pronounce). 6.1 Assimilation Assimilation is a process in which the ending phoneme of a prefix combines with the beginning phoneme of the verb stem in order to form a new phoneme. The type of assimilation depends upon the starting phoneme in the verb stem being modified. As an example, let us consider the prefix for verbs in the plural mood which is mang. 15 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 The following rules apply: If the verb stem begins with b or p then the prefix is assimilated to mam (e.g., mangbalik changes to mamalik, mangpalit changes to mamalit). If the verb stem begins with d, s, or t then the prefix is assimilated to man (e.g., mangdagan changes to managan, mangsakay changes to manakay, mangtago changes to manago). If the verb stem begins with k then the prefix is assimilated to mang (e.g., mangkaon changes to mangaon). If the verb has stative mood (i.e., uses the ma- prefix) then the prefix is assimilated to manga (e.g., mangtulog changes to mangatulog). 6.2 Deletion Deletion is a process in which the final vowel sound of a verb stem is dropped when a suffix is added to it. Here are some examples: The Cebuano root for the verb sleep is tulog. Forming the adjective sleepy we add the prefix ka- and the suffix -on. Thus: katulogon. Due to deletion the last vowel in tulog is dropped and we end up with katulgon. The Cebuano root for the verb eat is kaon. Forming the "goal as subject" conjugation we add the suffix -on. Thus: kaonon. Due to deletion the last vowel in kaon is dropped and we end up with kan-on. 6.3 Metathesis Metathesis is a process in which adjacent phonemes are swapped during the addition of a suffix. It usually takes place after the deletion process has already occurred. Here is an example: The Cebuano root for the verb enter is sulod. Forming the "beneficiary as subject" conjugation we add the suffix -an. Thus: sulodan. Deletion brings us to suldan. Due to metathesis the l and the d swap places and we end up with sudlan. 16 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 6.4 Epenthesis Epenthesis is a process in which extra phonemes are added to words which are borrowed from other languages. Here are some examples: The Spanish viaje meaning trip becomes biyahe (the y is added). The Spanish tia meaning aunt becomes tiya (the y is added). The English smart becomes esmarte (two e's are added) The English ball becomes bola (the a at the end is added) 6.5 Alternation Alternation is a process in which one phoneme is replaced with another during the addition of a suffix. Here is an example: The Cebuano root for the verb translate is hubad. Forming the "goal as subject" command we add the suffix -a. Thus: hubada. Due to alternation the d is replaced by r and we end up with hubara. 7. Contractions Cebuano supports a wide variety of contractions. Typically the apostrophe is not used to denote a contraction as it is in English. The following list shows some typical Cebuano contractions: Contraction Expanded Form akog ako og akong ako ng among amo ng atong ato ng bang ba ng di dili ilang ila ng imong imo ng inyong inyo ng iyang iya ng kadtong kadto ng kag ka og kamig kami og kamog kamo og kanang kana ng kining kini ng 17 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 Contraction Expanded Form kinsang kinsa ng kinsay kinsa ang kitag kita og ko ako kog ko og may man ang mi kami mig mi og mo kamo mog mo og nganong ngano ng niadtong niadto ng nianang niana ng niining niini ng pilay pila ang silag sila og siyag siya og ta kita tag ta og unsang unsa ng unsay unsa ang walay wala ang 8. Dialects There are two basic dialects of Cebuano which differ from one another in pronunciation mainly. They are defined as follows: 8.1 Cebu City Dialect As the name implies, the Cebu City dialect is spoken in Cebu City but also in the northern part of the island of Cebu, western Leyte, and Bohol. It has the following features: The phoneme l is replaced by the phoneme w when it occurs between the vowels o/u and a (e.g., ulan is pronounced as uwan). The phoneme l is replaced by the phoneme w when it occurs between the vowels a and o/u (e.g., balod is pronounced as bawod). The phoneme l and the vowel that follows it are dropped when it occurs between the vowels a and a (e.g., halang is pronounced hang). The pronoun siya (meaning he/she) is pronounced like sha. 18 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 8.2 Provincial Dialect The provincial dialect is spoken in the southern part of the island of Cebu, eastern Negros, and Mindanao. Cebuano words are spelled according to their pronunciation in the provincial dialect. It has the following features: The phoneme l is retained when it occurs between the vowels o/u and a (e.g., ulan is pronounced as uwan). The phoneme l is retained when it occurs between the vowels a and o/u (e.g., balod is pronounced as balod). The phoneme l and the vowel that follows it are retained when it occurs between the vowels a and a (e.g., halang is pronounced as halang). The pronoun siya (meaning he/she) is pronounced just like it is spelled (i.e., with two syllables). 9. Nouns Nouns are words that refer to people, places, or things. They fall into the following two categories: 9.1 Personal Nouns Personal nouns refer to people. They are always preceded by case markers depending on how the personal noun is being used in the sente nce. The following table shows the case markers for personal nouns: noun is being case case example English used as marker sentence translation subject of sentence subjective si Misumbag si Juan kanako. Juan punches me. subject of sentence subjective sila si Misumbag sila si Juan ug Juan and Pedro punch me. Pedro kanako. (plural) (plural) possessor of possessive ni Awto ni Juan kini. This is Juan's car. something possessor of possessive nila ni Awto nila ni Juan ug Pedro This is the car of Juan and kini. Pedro. something (plural) (plural) object of sentence objective kang Misumbag ako kang Juan. I punch Juan. 19 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 The following table shows some common personal nouns which are used in referring to various categories of people. These common personal nouns function just like names. For example, one might have the sentence: Miadto si Dudong sa tindahan. (The young man goes to the store.) speaker referring to an referring to an referring to a referring to a old man old woman young man young woman old man Bay Manang Dudong Inday (Nang for short) (Dong for short) (Day for short) old woman Manong Manang Dudong Inday (Nong for short) (Nang for short) (Dong for short) (Day for short) young man Manong Manang Bay Inday (Nong for short) (Nang for short) (Day for short) young woman Manong Manang Dudong Inday (Nong for short) (Nang for short) (Dong for short) (Day for short) The following table shows some common titles which are used in conjunction with names: Cebuano English example English title title sentence translation Ginuo, Senyor Mr. Miadto si Ginuo Ortega sa tindahan. Mr. Ortega goes to the store. Ginang, Senyora Mrs. Miadto si Ginang Ortega sa tindahan. Mrs. Ortega goes to the store. Gining, Senyorita Miss Miadto si Gining Ortega sa tindahan. Miss Ortega goes to the store. Doktor (male), Dr. Miadto si Doktor Ortega sa tindahan. Dr. Ortega goes to the store. Doktora (female) Padre (priest) Father Miadto si Padre Ortega sa tindahan. Father Ortega goes to the store. 20 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 9.2 Impersonal Nouns Impersonal nouns refer to places or things. They are always preceded by case markers depending on how the impersonal noun is being used in the sentence. The following table shows the case markers for impersonal nouns: noun is being case case example English used as marker sentence translation subject of subjective ang Misumbag ang tawo kanako. The man punches me. sentence possessor of possessive sa Awto sa tawo kini. This is the man's car. something object of sentence objective og Mibasa ako og libro. I read a book. (nonspecific) (nonspecific) object of sentence objective sa Mibasa ako sa imong libro. I read your book. (specific) (specific) object of sentence objective -y Anaay awto si Juan. Juan has a car. (nonspecific - (nonspecific - certain certain pseudoverbs) pseudoverbs) 9.3 Pluralizer Pluralization of impersonal nouns is achieved by inserting the word mga (pronounced manga) in front of the noun. Some examples are as follows: example English translation mga libro books mga balay houses mga tawo people 9.4 Linkers Words which precede impersonal nouns in order to modify them (e.g., adjectives, demonstrative pronouns, interrogative pronouns , etc.) must be separated from the noun by a linker. The following rules apply: If the preceding word ends in a vowel then ng is used (the linker may be combined with the preceding word to form a contraction). If the preceding word ends in a consonant then nga is used. 21 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 Some examples are as follows: example contraction English translation dako ng libro dakong libro big book taas nga babaye - tall woman kini ng libroha kining libroha this book unsa ng libroha unsang libroha which book 9.5 Particularizers If an impersonal noun is being modified by either a demonstrative pronoun or by an interrogative pronoun then a particularizer suffix must be appended to the noun in order to denote that a particular instance of the noun is being referred to. The following rules apply: If the noun ends in a consonant or an accented vowel then -a is used. If the noun ends in an unaccented vowel then -ha is used. Sometimes the noun is changed for the sake of euphony (e.g., tawoha --> tawhana, babayeha --> bayhana). Some examples are as follows: noun phrase English translation babaye kanang bayhana that woman (subject) babaye nianang bayhana that woman (object) babaye unsang bayhana which woman bata kanang bataa that child (subject) bata nianang bataa that child (object) bata unsang bataa which child libro kadtong libroha that book over there (subject) libro niadtong libroha that book over there (object) libro unsang libroha which book sulat kining sulata this letter (subject) sulat niining sulata this letter (object) sulat unsang sulata which letter tawo kanang tawhana that man (subject) tawo nianang tawhana that man (object) tawo unsang tawhana which man 22 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 9.6 Noun List The following is a list of nouns arranged by topic: 9.6.1 People and Professions Cebuano noun English translation abogado lawyer adlawng natawhan birthday aktor, artista, maghihimo actor aktora, artista, maghihimo actress amiga friend (female) amigo friend (male) amo boss angga nickname apelyido surname atleta, magdudula athlete, player babaye woman bakakon, butbuton liar bakla, bayot homosexual banda, magkakanta band Bathala, Dios, Ginuo God binilanggo convict, prisoner birhen virgin bisita guest, visitor boda, kasal wedding buhat work buluhaton task dalaga lady, single woman dautang palad bad luck, misfortune dentista dentist direktor director doktor doctor (male) doktora doctor (female) drayber driver edad, panuigon age embahador ambassador emperador emperor empleado employee empleyo, pangita occupation estudyante, magtutuon, tinun-an student Fernando Magallanes Ferdinand Magellan gastador spendthrift 23 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 Cebuano noun English translation gobernador, magmamando governor hadlukan, talawan coward hara, rayna queen hari king Hesukristo Jesus Christ Hesus Jesus higala friend inhenyero engineer kaaway enemy kadula playmate kaila acquaintance kaminyoon marriage kapulisan the police (organization) katawhan, mga tawo people Katoliko Catholic (a person of the Catholic religion) kauban companion kawatan thief kinabuhi life klasmet classmate kompaniya company (business) kriminal criminal Kristo Christ Kristohanon, Kristyano Christian (a person of the Christian religion) Kristyanismo Christianity kusinera, magluluto cook (female) kusinero, magluluto cook (male) labandera laundry woman lalaki man maestra, magtutudlo teacher (female) maestro, magtutudlo teacher (male) magbabaligya, tindera saleswoman magbabaligya, tindero salesman makinaadmanon scholar mamumuo, trabahador worker Maria, Inahan ni Hesus Mary, Mother of Jesus marinero sailor mayor mayor mestiso mestizo (person of mixed blood) misyonero missionary mudista dress maker nars nurse negosyante businessman negosyo business 24 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 Cebuano noun English translation ngalan name nigro negro (person with black skin) obispo bishop padad-anan address pagkabata childhood pagbunyag baptism pagkamatay death pagkatawo birth pagkatigulang old age pagpanamkon conception pagpanganak childbirth palad, swerte luck palikero playboy panday carpenter pari priest (Catholic) piloto pilot politiko politician presidente president prinsipal principal (of a school) propesor professor Protestante Protestant (person of the Protestant religion) pulis policeman puta prostitute sekretarya secretary (female) sekretaryo secretary (male) silingan neighbor sundalo soldier sweldo salary tawo man, person tig-alagad waiter, waitress trabaho job tulisan bandit ulitawo bachelor 25 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 9.6.2 Doer of Some Action The doer of an action in Cebuano can be formed using the following formula: mag Sometimes an ordinary noun may be used in place of a verb root and sometimes there are morphological changes. The following is a list of such nouns: Cebuano noun Cebuano root English translation magaawat awat (imitate) imitator magaaway away (fight) fighter magaawit awit (song) singer magbabalak balak (poem) poet magbabaligya baligya (sell) seller magbabalita balita (news) reporter magbabantay bantay (guard) guard (person who guards) magbabaol baol (farm) farmer magdadagan dagan (run) runner magdadaog daog (win) winner magdadawat dawat (receive) recipient magdudula dula (play) athlete, player magdudumala dumala (manage) manager maghihimo himo (act) actor, actress maghuhubad hubad (translate) translator maghuhukom hukom (judge) judge maghuhulagway hulagway (photograph) photographer maghuhuni huni (tune) musician magkakanta kanta (sing) band maglalakaw lakaw (walk) pedestrian maglilingaw lingaw (entertain) entertainer magluluto luto (cook) cook magmamando mando (rule) ruler, governor magpapalit palit (buy) buyer magpapatay patay (dead) killer magpapatik patik (print) publisher magsusugid sugid (narrate) narrator magsusulat sulat (write) writer, author magtutudlo tudlo (teach) teacher magtutuon tuon (learn) student magtutupi tupi (trim) barber maguuma uma (farm) farmer mamumulong pulong (word) orator mananabang tabang (help) midwife 26 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 Cebuano noun Cebuano root English translation mananagat dagat (sea) fisherman mananahi tahi (sew) tailor mananan-aw tan-aw (look) spectator manunumbong sumbong (accusation) informer manununod sunod (follow) successor 9.6.3 Family Cebuano noun English translation ama-ama stepfather amahan, papa, tatay father anak nga babaye daughter anak nga lalaki son anak sa gawas bastard, illegitimate child apo grandchild apuhan grandparents apuhang babaye, lola grandmother apuhang lalaki, lolo grandfather apong babaye granddaughter apong lalaki grandson asawa wife bana husband banay, pamilya family bata child bayaw nga babaye sister-in-law bayaw nga lalaki brother-in-law ginikanan parents hinigugma, pinangga sweetheart humabdos stepchild humabdos nga babaye stepdaughter humabdos nga lalaki stepson ig-agaw cousin igsoong sibling igsoong babaye sister igsoong lalaki brother inahan, mama, nanay mother ina-ina stepmother kadugo, paryente relative kagikanan ancestor kamagulangan eldest kerida mistress 27 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 Cebuano noun English translation kinugos godchild kinugos nga babaye goddaughter kinugos nga lalaki godson komadre, ninang godmother kompadre, ninong godfather magulang elder sibling magulang nga babaye elder sister magulang nga lalaki elder brother manghod younger sibling manghod nga babaye younger sister manghod nga lalaki younger brother masuso baby nobya, trato fiancée (woman) nobyo, pamanhunon fiancé (man) pag-umangkong babaye niece pag-umangkong lalaki nephew tita, tiya, iyaan aunt tito, tiyo, uyuan uncle ugangang babaye mother-in-law ugangang lalaki father-in-law umagad nga babaye daughter-in-law umagad nga lalaki son-in-law uyab nga babaye girlfriend uyab nga lalaki boyfriend 9.6.4 Parts of the Body Cebuano noun English translation abaga shoulder agtang forehead amimislon, rinyon kidney aping cheek atay liver baba mouth baga lungs balatang, bat-ang hips balbas, bangas, bungot beard balahibo body hair bigote mustache bilat, buto, puday vagina bitiis shin (lower leg) 28 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 Cebuano noun English translation braso upper arm buhok hair (on the head) bukog bone bukton forearm bulbol pubic hair buolbuol ankle dagway, nawong face dalunggan, dunggan ear dila tongue dughan chest, heart dugo blood dugukan spine ginhawaan, tinai intestine hawak waist hilanat fever ihi urine ilok armpit ilong nose itlog sa laki testicle lagos gums lapa-lapa sole (bottom of foot) lawas body laway saliva likod back liog neck lubot anus kabaskog sa lawas, panglawas health kalimutaw pupil (of the eye) kamot hand kasingkasing heart kilay eyebrow kuko sa kamot fingernail kuko sa tiil toenail kumagko thumb kunot wrinkle (of the skin) lagos gums luso, pikoy, utin penis masahe massage mata eye ngabil, wait lip ngipon tooth paa thigh (upper leg) palad palm (of the hand) 29 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 Cebuano noun English translation panit skin pilok eyelash pulso wrist pusod navel sakit pain sampot buttocks sid-ok hiccup siko elbow singot sweat suso, tutoy breast (woman's) suwang chin, jaw tabon-tabon eyelid tai feces tangkugo back of the neck (nape) tiil foot tiyan stomach tudlo finger tudlo sa tiil toe tuhod knee tulos semen, sperm tutunlan throat tuway-tuway kneecap ubo cough ulo head utok brain utot fart 9.6.5 Food and Eating Cebuano noun English translation ahos garlic alak, bino wine asin salt asukar sugar balatong beans banilya vanilla baso glass (drinking) bayabas guava bibingka, budbod rice cake bihon, miki, tanghon noodles botilya bottle 30 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 Cebuano noun English translation bugas uncooked rice bulad dried fish buongon pomelo duga juice dulse, karmelitos candy gatas milk ginamos salted fish humay unprocessed rice ilimnon drink, beverage isda fish itlog eggs kahil orange kamatis tomato kamote sweet potato kan-on cooked rice kapayas papaya kape coffee karne meat karneng baboy pork karneng baka beef keik, torta cake keso cheese kinhason shellfish kutsara spoon kutsilyo knife lamas, paminta spice lata tin can letsugas lettuce lubi coconut lugaw porridge luy-a ginger mais corn mangga mango manok chicken mansanas apple meryenda, timo snack munggo mung beans nangka jackfruit pagkaon food pagpuasa fasting pamahaw breakfast pan, tinapay bread panaksan, yahong bowl 31 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 Cebuano noun English translation panihapon dinner paniudto lunch pasayan shrimp pasas, ubas grapes patatas potato pinggan, plato plate, dish piniritong manok fried chicken pinya pineapple prutas fruit repolyo cabbage restawran restaurant sabaw soup saging banana serbesa beer serbilyeta napkin sibuyas onion sili pepper (vegetable) sud-an main dish talong eggplant tasa cup tenedor fork tsa tea tuba coconut wine tubo sugarcane tubig water utanon vegetables 9.6.6 Things You Wear Cebuano noun English translation alahas jewelry amerikana suit (worn by men) antepara eyeglasses arites earrings bakos, sinturon belt bakya wooden shoes baligtos shoelace barong traditional shirt (worn by men) bestida dress (worn by women) blusa blouse bolsa pocket 32 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 Cebuano noun English translation bra, putos sa suso bra bulawan gold (precious metal) dyaket, tsaketa jacket gapas cotton igngusngus brush (for brushing hair) kahumot perfume kalo hat kalupo overcoat kalupo sa ulan raincoat kamisa shirt kamisin, kamisita, sando t-shirt, undershirt karsones pants korbata necktie kulintas necklace medalya medal medyas socks mga bisti, mga sinina, mga sapot clothes nagwas underskirt palda, saya skirt panapton cloth panyo handkerchief payong umbrella pitaka wallet plata silver (precious metal) pomada haircream pulseras bracelet puyo purse relo watch (timepiece) sandalyas sandals sapatos shoes sapot sa ilalom underwear sida silk singsing ring (something one wears on one's finger) sudlay comb tsinilas slippers 33 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 9.6.7 Household Items Cebuano noun English translation abang rent abuhan, halingan fireplace alkoba, kisame ceiling alpombra carpet aparador, armaryo, pingganan cupboard angang stair (single step) arko arch atop roof awto, kotse car balay house balili, sagbot grass balilihan lawn balkon, kayda porch banig sleeping mat banyo bathroom (has the washtub) basura garbage batiya tub bentana window bongbong, dingding wall dilaab, siga flame distornilyador screwdriver elektrisidad electricity estante shelf estante sa mga libro bookcase gabas saw (tool) garahe garage gasolina gasoline habol blanket hagdan stairs hagdanan staircase, ladder halaman, hardin, tanaman garden haligi post, pillar higdaan, kama, katre bed himan tool hudnohan oven hunos drawer igtutupi sa balili lawn mower itaas upstairs kaha, kahon, sudlanan box kaha sa mga hunos chest of drawers kalayo fire 34 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 Cebuano noun English translation kandela candle kasilyas restroom, toilet koreyo mail kusina kitchen kwarto, lawak bedroom lagwerta, nataran yard lamesa, talad table lampara, lamparilya, sugaan lamp lansang nail (to be hammered) lawaktipiganan closet lingkuranan seat makina engine, machine makinang igpanglaba washing machine martilyo, maso, pakang hammer pakamiganan refrigerator palansa, utaw iron (for pressing clothes) panimalay, pinuy-anan home parol lantern pintura painting posporo match (used to light something) pultahan, pwerta door punlas shampoo radyo radio roska, tornilyo screw sabon soap sala living room salog floor salog nga kahoy wooden floor sigarilyo cigarette silong downstairs siya chair sopa sofa suga light (something that gives light) telebisyon television telepono telephone toalya towel tustahanan toaster tustus cigar unlan pillow yawi key yuta ground, land, soil, lot 35 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 9.6.8 Around Town Cebuano noun English translation adwana customs (in the airport) asyenda hacienda awit song ayroplano airplane bahin share (portion belonging to someone) bakasyon, lulinghayaw vacation balay sa mga puta brothel balay abutanan, hotel hotel baligyaanan, tindahan store bangka sailboat bangko bank (place for depositing money) banha, saba noise baol, uma farm bapor, barko ship baratilyo bargain (something that's cheap), sale baroto canoe bayle, sayaw dance (party where people dance) bilangguan, prisuhan prison, jail bili, presyo price bisikleta bicycle biyahe, panaw trip biyolin violin buok piece (single item out of many) bus bus dalan, kalye, karsada street, road dulaan toy dyip jeepney erport airport eskina corner (place where two streets meet) estasyon sa bus bus station gasa, hatag, regalo gift gawas outside hangyo haggling hilo poison huni, musika music kanal canal, ditch karetera highway karomata, trak truck klinika clinic kwarta, salapi money lugas, tipik bit (a small quantity) 36 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 Cebuano noun English translation lupad flight (on an airplane) medesina, tambal medicine merkado, tabuanan market misa mass (religious service) monyeka doll motorsiklo motorcycle opisina sa koreyo, pos opis post office ospital hospital pagabot arrival pagbayad payment pantalan pier parada, pasundayag parade paradahan sa dyip jeepney terminal parke park parti, salo -salo party (social celebration) pasahe, plete fare (money paid for a ride) pasahero, sumasakay passenger pasaporte passport pista, pyesta fiesta plasa plaza programa program (television or theater) pyano piano relihiyon religion sakyanan boat salida movie (a specific film) saulog celebration simbahan church sine movies sinehan movie theater sista guitar sulod inside submarino submarine taksi taxi teyatro theater (live plays) tiket ticket tingog sound, voice trisiklo tricycle trompeta horn, trumpet 37 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 9.6.9 In School Cebuano noun English translation angang, grado grade basahon, libro book basketbol basketball biblioteka, libreriya library bisbol baseball bola, lingin ball bolibol volleyball bolpen, pluma pen buhatan, opisina office (place where work is done) dormitoryo dormitory dula game, sport dulaanan playground edukasyon, pag-eskwela, pagtuon education eksamen exam, test eskwela school (studies in general) eskwelahan, tulunghaan school (place for studies) eskwelahang pribado private school eskwelahang primarya grade school grado, titulo degree (title given by a college) graduwado graduate (one who has graduated) gramatika grammar hayskol high school hilisgutan subject (topic of study) hiyograpiya geography hulagway, letrato picture, photograph ideya idea igpapanas eraser impormasyon, kasayuran information istorya, kaagi history kaalam, kinaadman wisdom kahibalo knowledge karton card klase, saring class (group of students) kolehiyo college komposisyon composition koreksyon correction kurso course (of study) lapis pencil laraw, plano plan (intended course of action) larawan image, symbol 38 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 Cebuano noun English translation leksyon, pagtolonan lesson letra, titik letter (character used in writing) magasin magazine mantalaan, peryodiko newspaper matematika mathematics mensahe, tugon message nobela, sugilambong novel pagbasa reading paggraduwar graduation paghunahuna thought pagsulat writing palid, panid page pakigpulong, pakigsulti lecture, speech panunan sa balay homework panunanan curriculum papel paper pasulit, tukso quiz persentahe percentage pisara blackboard proyekto project putbol football, soccer putos, sobre envelope selyo stamp semestre, tunga sa tuig semester sulat letter (written message) talad-sulatanan desk tarheta greeting card tinta ink tisas chalk unibersidad university 9.6.10 Nationalities and Languages Cebuano noun English translation adberbyo adverb adhetibo adjective Aleman German (a person) Alemanya Germany Amerika America (i.e., the United States) Amerikana, Kana American (a woman) Amerikano, Kano American (a man) 39 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 Cebuano noun English translation Arabyan Arab (a person) Arabyanhon Arabic (the language) Asya Asia Asyanhon Asian (a person) balak poem balos, tubag answer balota ballot (piece of paper on which to vote) bansa, nasod country, nation barangay, baryo village batasan custom bayan, lungsod town berbo verb Binisaya Visayan (the language - same as Cebuano) Bisaya Visayan (a person) Bisaya Visayas (the group of islands) boto vote (choice of candidates) Bul-anon Boholano (person from Bohol) dakbayan, syudad city damag, urom nightmare damgo dream diksyonaryo dictionary dila, pinulungan, sinultihan language eleksyon, piliay election embahada embassy Espanya Spain Espanyol, Katsila Spaniard (a person) Espanyol, Kinatsila Spanish (the language) ginharian empire, kingdom gobyerno, kagamhanan government gubat, gyera war, battle Hapon Japan Haponanon, Hapones Japanese (a person) Hinapon Japanese (the language) Iglesya Katolika Catholic Church Ilokano Ilocano (a person) Inaleman German (the language) Inglatera England Ingles English (a person) Inilokano Ilocano (the language) Iningles English (the language) Ininsik Chinese (the language) Insik, Tsino Chinese (a person) Islam Islam (the religion) 40 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 Cebuano noun English translation istorya, sugilanon story Kadagatan sa Atlantiko Atlantic Ocean Kadagatan sa Pasipiko Pacific Ocean kadaghanan majority kaduulan neighborhood kadyutayan minority kahibulong, katingala surprise kamatutuan, kultura culture kampanya campaign kangalan noun kanyon cannon kapanulundanan heritage kapitolyo capitol (government building) kasabutan, tratado treaty kasundaluhan army kauluhan capital (of a country) komersyo, pamatigayon trade, commerce lalawigan, probinsya province langyaw foreigner lungsuranon citizen Moro Moslem (a person) nasyonalidad nationality Oropa Europe Oropanhon European (a person) pagampo, pagtugyan surrender (a giving up) paghubad translation paglitok pronunciation paglungsuranon citizenship pakigsabot agreement panakayang iggugubat navy pangataki attack (military operation) pangutana question parapo paragraph Pilipinas Philippines Pilipina, Pinay Filipina (a woman) Pilipino, Pinoy Filipino (a man) pistola pistol Pranses French (a person) Pransya France Prinanses French (the language) probinsyano provincial (a person living in a province) problema, suliran problem pulinganan pronoun 41 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 Cebuano noun English translation pulong word pusil gun riple rifle sentensya sentence (group of words) Sinugbuanon Cebuano (the language) sinulat article (literary composition) Sugbo Cebu Sugbuanon Cebuano (a person) sugo command suheto subject (of a sentence) Syudad sa Sugbo Cebu City Tagalog Tagalog (a person) Tinagalog Tagalog (the language) Tsina China 9.6.11 Animals Cebuano noun English translation agila eagle alibangbang, kabakaba butterfly alimango crab amo, unggoy monkey bao turtle baboy pig baka cow bakbak, baki frog baktin piglet balay sa iro kennel banog hawk bitin, halas snake buaya crocodile bulang cockfight, cockfighting bulangan cockpit (place for cockfighting) elepante elephant gansa goose hawla, tangkal cage hayop, mananap animal, beast hikot, pugong leash hiniktan fighting rooster (for cockfighting) hulmigas ant ilaga mouse, rat 42 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 Cebuano noun English translation iring cat iro dog itik, pato duck itoy puppy kabaw carabao kabayo horse kalanggaman birds kanding goat kasili eel koneho rabbit kugita octopus laking manok, sunoy rooster lamok mosquito langaw fly (insect) langgam bird lawa, lawalawa spider liyon lion lobo wolf manok chicken miming kitten oso bear pabo turkey pugaran chicken coop pusta bet, wager putyukan bee tabili, taluto small lizard tabugok squid talisik grasshopper tigbakay illegal cockfighting tigre tiger tiki, tuko gecko uk-uk cockroach ulod worm usa deer 9.6.12 Nature and the Weather Cebuano noun English translation abo ashes abog, alikabo, aliyabok dust adlaw sun 43 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 Cebuano noun English translation alimpulos, buhawi tornado, whirlwind alindahaw rain shower amihanan, norte north bag-ong bulan new moon bagyo, unos storm baha, lunop flood balangaw, bangaw rainbow balas sand balod wave balod sa linog tidal wave, tsunami bato rock, stone baybay, baybayon seashore bituon star bukid mountain bulak flower bulan moon bulok, kolor color bungtod hill busay waterfall dagat sea dahon leaf dakong bagyo, urakan hurricane, typhoon dal-og ravine dalugdog thunder danaw, lanaw, linaw lagoon, lake, pond dapit, lugar place disyerto, kamad-an desert gabon, panganod cloud habagatan, sur south hangin wind hayag light (that which makes things visible) hayag sa adlaw sunlight hayag sa bulan moonlight hulaw drought hunas low tide huyuhoy breeze kabukiran mountains kabituunan stars kadagatan, lawod ocean kadahunan leaves kahoy tree kakahuyan trees kalasangan, lasang forest 44 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 Cebuano noun English translation kalibunan jungle kalibutan world kamingawan wilderness (deserted place) kangitngit darkness kapuluan archipelago, islands kasadpan west kilat, lipak, liti lightning kinaiyahan nature klima climate kweba, langob cave langit heaven, sky lapok mud lapyahan beach linog earthquake minahan mine (excavation in the earth) nyebe snow pagba sa adlaw sunburn pagbasabasa humidity pagsubang sa adlaw sunrise pagsalop sa adlaw sunset panahon weather pangpang cliff patag plain (flat stretch of land) pulo island puthaw iron (mineral) sapa brook, creek, stream sidlakan, silangan east suba river taay, taya rust takdol sa bulan full moon taligsik, talisik, talithi, taliti drizzle tanom plant (tree, bush, etc.) taob high tide tuburan spring (water coming out of the ground) ulan rain walog valley yamog dew, fog 45 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 9.6.13 Related to Time Cebuano noun English translation adlaw day Adlaw ni Bonifacio Bonifacio Day (Nov. 30th - Philippines) Adlaw ni Rizal Rizal Day (Dec. 30th - Philippines) Adlaw sa Kagawasan Independence Day (June 12th - Philippines) Adlaw sa mga Mamumuo Labor Day (May 1st - Philippines) Adlaw sa mga Santo All Saints' Day (Nov. 1st) Adlaw sa Nasudnong mga Bayani National Heroes' Day (Aug. 31st - Philippines) Bag-ong Tuig New Years bulan month buntag morning Byernes Santo Good Friday Dominggo sa mga Lukay Palm Sunday Dominggo sa Pagkabanhaw Easter Sunday gabii night gatusan, siglo century hapon, palis afternoon higayon occasion kaadlawon, kadlawon dawn kabuntagon early part of the day kadiyot moment kagabhion night time kahapunon dusk kalendaryo calendar kasumaran anniversary katuigan era minuto minute oras, takna hour Pagkabanhaw Easter panahon season, time Pasko Christmas (Dec. 25th) petsa date (of the year) segundo second (unit of time) semana week Semana Santa Holy Week tapos sa semana weekend tinagpulo ka tuig decade tuig year tungang gabii midnight udto noon 46 Cebuano Study Notes Tom Marking 11/7/2005 9.6.14 Seasons of the Year Cebuano noun English translation tingpamulak spring tinginit summer tingdagdag autumn, fall tingtugnaw winter tingulan rainy season (June to February in Cebu) 9.6.15 Months of the Year Cebuano noun English translation Enero January Pebrero February Marso March Abril April Mayo May Hunyo June Hulyo July Agosto August Septembre September Oktobre October Nobyembre November Disyembre December 9.6.16 Days of the Week Cebuano noun English translation Dominggo Sunday Lunes Monday Martes Tuesday Myerkoles Wednesday Hwebes Thursday Byernes Friday Sabado Saturday