Water Resources Management 1 PDF

Water Resources Management 1 Prof. Dr. ir. Anne Gobin Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences  Outline Definitions of Integrated Water Resources Management Concepts of Water Resources Management Dublin-Rio Principles Diff...

Water Resources Management 1 Prof. Dr. ir. Anne Gobin Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences  Outline Definitions of Integrated Water Resources Management Concepts of Water Resources Management Dublin-Rio Principles Different aspects of IWRM Sustainable Development Goals Water-Energy-Food-Ecosystem Nexus 2 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Integrated Water Resources Management IWRM is a process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximise the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems. Water managers that adopt IWRM principles: Identify natural resources (land-related resources and associated stakeholders) that affect or are affected by water. Develop a holistic management plan to ensure that each of these resources and water are sustained and protected. Place water resources central in their management approach. 3 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering  Evolution in water resources management Past: Infrastructure solution Reinforced concrete constructions to facilitate clean water supply, increase discharge capacity of rivers and canals, combat floods & droughts: large water dams and dykes lining irrigation canals Water resources management was not always integrated, often lucrative contracts Present: integrated approach to water resources management Multiple users and challenges Natural resources management 4 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering  Evolution in water resources management 2022 drought (climate impacts) Multiple users and challenges Pollution of the Nile 5 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering  Future of Integrated Water Resources Management Example from the EU (Europe) Water sector: 5% of EU’s electricity consumption Water utilities account for 30-50% of local authority’s electricity consumption. water produced and “lost” before reaching the customer is on average 23% of total net water produced in the EU. Digital remains the single most important tool to deliver substantial environmental gains through increased efficiencies. 6 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering  Future of Integrated Water Resources Management Water management digitalisation big data-analytics, data sharing, privacy Example of a water treatment plant management, real-time and near-real-time monitoring, sensors, smart devices, decision support systems and water management tools, IoT, cloud and fog computing platforms, artificial intelligence and machine learning, algorithms, augmented reality and simulation tools, image and streaming data processing capabilities, reporting and consumer awareness tools and applications, cyber-security, system interoperability and standardisation solutions Digital technologies offer hardware, software and equipment infrastructure to enable more connected, intelligent, efficient and responsive water systems and services. Smart networked, intelligent systems help make better use of energy, avoid unnecessary water losses and minimise the consumption of resources. 7 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering  Outline Definitions of Integrated Water Resources Management Concepts of Water Resources Management Dublin-Rio Principles Different aspects of IWRM Sustainable Development Goals Water-Energy-Food-Ecosystem Nexus 8 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering  Key E-principles and key questions of IWRM IWRM is based on three principles: Equity to humans = [Social Equity] Basic right to water quantity & quality Other (economic) uses Protection to floods and coping with drought for all Ecological integrity = [Ecological sustainability] Natural environmental sustainability Ensuring natural functioning of aquatic ecosystems Efficiency = [Economic Efficiency] Greatest benefit to greatest number of users Water is scarce and limited; not wasting water Consider current and future social and environmental costs and benefits 9 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Dublin-Rio (DR) principles Scarcity is emphasised in the Dublin-Rio (DR) principles DR Principle 1: Water is a finite and vulnerable resource DR Principle 2: Participatory approach to water resources management DR Principle 3: Role of women DR Principle 4: Social and economic value of water Equitable and efficient management and sustainable use of water 10 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Principle 1: Water is a finite and vulnerable resource Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development, and the environment. Hydrological cycle needs to be recognised in interaction with other natural resources and ecosystems Holistic management through considering the entire natural system Coordination of activities & demands Institutional framework needed capable of integrating human systems (economic, social and political) Often cross-boundary, multi-authority, multi-owners and multiple users 11 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Principle 2: Participatory approach Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners, and policy-makers at all levels. Everyone is a stakeholder in water: Drinking water, irrigation, hydroelectricity, industry, ecosystems All stakeholders at all levels and from all social backgrounds should participate in decision making Long lasting consensus and common agreement Taking responsibility for all stakeholders Long-term agreements (not short-term economic gains by mining water) 12 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Principle 3: Role of women Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water. Tradition in many cultures: Women’s role: water collection and safeguarding water for domestic and agricultural use Men’s role: management, problem analysis, and decision making related to water resources Attention to gender! At the heart of economic and social progress Part of the overall policy framework among women and men Equal participation in management, problem analysis, and decision making 13 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Principle 4: Water is a public good with value Water is a public good and has a social and economic value in all its competing uses Basic human right to have access to clean water and sanitation at an affordable price Managing water as an economic good for achieving efficient and equitable use Charging for water to affect behaviour towards conservation, protection of water resources and efficient usage Willingness to pay for water services 14 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Principle 4: Water is a public good with value 15 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Dublin-Rio Principles translated into action points The main aim is to create sustainable water security! End poverty and diseases by providing clean water Protection against natural (water related) disasters Water conservation and reuse Sustainable development Achieving food security (40% food by irrigation using 70% of the extracted water) Protection of ecosystems and bio-diversity Solving water conflicts Enabling environment for water and sustainable development Knowledge base about the water cycle Capacity building 16 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering  WRM to achieve the Dublin-Rio principles Questions Checklist Integrated WRM plan/policy with checklist Policy/plan effective? Political commitment; Adequate investment, financial stability, sustainable cost recovery Water resources quantified at entire Basin management plan and clear vision catchment/aquifer level? All stakeholders respected? Participation and coordination mechanisms, fostering information-sharing and exchange; Capacity development Ecosystems sustainable and/or Good knowledge of the natural resources present in the basin unaffected? International/regional/cross-border Water allocation plans conflicts avoided? All administrations/authorities aligned Well-defined flexible and enforceable legal frameworks and regulation, Comprehensive towards common goals? monitoring and evaluation 17 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering  Outline Definitions of Integrated Water Resources Management Concepts of Water Resources Management Dublin-Rio Principles Different aspects of IWRM Sustainable Development Goals Water-Energy-Food-Ecosystem Nexus 18 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Different aspects of IWRM Water resources supply Water demand Water allocation Water governance Aspects covered at different spatial and temporal scales 19 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Water resources supply hydrological cycle expressed in white, green and blue water White (in air) Green (in soil) Blue (in surface water bodies or groundwater) Food production: Green (rainfed crops) Blue (irrigation water) 20 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Water Demand for human needs Domestic use (household water = drinking water, sanitation) = 7-8 % of global water use Human need for water 50 L clean water per day & person 5 L drinking water ; 10 L for food preparation 20 L for sanitation; 15 L for bathing Often 70 to 120 L/person (min 25 L in refugee camps) California 230 L/ day person but nowadays decreasing Freshwater supply: only 0.014% of the water on earth is freshwater readily available for drinking purposes Polluted water and only partially consumed => water treatment needed => re-use is possible Desalinised water can be used (costly!) 21 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Water Demand for human needs Prices for drinking water (or water services) Charge often includes water treatment (often 50%) European cities: 4 to 5 $/m³ (Denmark 8 $/m³) Production costs US cities: 1 to 4 $/m³ Often differential tariff Low charges for a minimum volume per person Excessive consumption with higher charges Production cost: 0.5 to 2 $/m³ 22 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Water Demand by industry, mining, hotel sector… Industry = 23 % of global water use The global annual water volume used by industry is estimated 975 km³. Depending on process: cooling, cleaning… See FAO aquastat for some statistics per country Some examples: Offices: 30 L/ day employee Hospitals: 500 L/day bed (or per residential patient) Industry often uses drinking water supply systems Economically powerful 23 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Water Demand for agriculture Agriculture: 70% of global water use, mostly for irrigation Current global water withdrawals for irrigation are estimated at about 2,000 to 2,555 km³ per year Some rules of thumb for irrigated crops: 0.5 l/s ha (= 4.32 mm/day) for crop water requirements 50% loss in conveyance and distribution for surface systems 20% loss for pressurized systems Water use is between 0.5 to 1 l/s ha in an irrigated area Crop water use is consumptive; but water losses due to lack of efficiency are not necessarily lost (recharge, downstream use) 24 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Water Demand for agriculture: crop water requirements Potato yield: 40 t/ha at 100 €/ton => harvest-value = 4,000 €/ha For 250 mm supplementary irrigation => 2500 m³ needed At 0.1€/m³ cost ( levy + pumping) => 250 € cost/ha At 0.2 €/m³ cost => 500€/ha At 0.5 €/m³ cost => 1250 € irrigation cost (not economic) Wheat yield: 8 t/ha at 150 €/ton => harvest-value = 1,200 €/ha => rainfed (irrigation not economic) Tomatoes 0.5 to 2 €/kg at 10 kg per m² (100 ton harvest in intensive heated greenhouses) 1€/kg for 10 000 m² (1 ha) => harvest-value = 100,000 €/ha 25 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Water Demand for hydro-power Non-consumptive; power is function of: Elevation drop Δh (m) Discharge Q (m³/s) where Q = A (m²). v (m/s) ρ water density; g gravitational acceleration Maximum possible energy: Emax =  g Q h (W ) For large Δh (height of fall) often deviation needed to secure ecological flow Danger of dam destruction by flood => spill way needed 26 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Water Demand for ecosystems Wet ecosystems are under threat Water-related ecosystem services: Flood control, shoreline stabilisation & storm protection Groundwater replenishment Sediment & nutrient retention and export, water purification Reservoirs of biodiversity + wetland products Cultural values, recreation & tourism Climate change mitigation and adaptation Water is essential to the functioning of ecosystems 27 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Allocation: world water use statistics Municipal : 464 km³/year (12%) Industrial: 768 km³/year (19%) Agricultural: 2769 km³/year (69%) Total withdrawal 4001 km³/year Freshwater 3853 km³/year by abstraction from "Blue" water sources Reused wastewater (grey water) + desalinised seawater (cost > 0.5€/m³) only 4% of total supply Source: Aquastat - FAO 28 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Allocation: world water use statistics 29 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Allocation of wastewater: challenge + opportunity Wastewater from cities used as irrigation water for crop cultivation 30 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering  Outline Definitions of Integrated Water Resources Management Concepts of Water Resources Management Dublin-Rio Principles Different aspects of IWRM Sustainable Development Goals Water-Energy-Food-Ecosystem Nexus 31 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Sustainable development goals Adopted September 2015 32 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Sustainable development goals related to water 33 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Sustainable development goals related to water Relation of different domains within the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), biosphere, society, and economy. SDG 6, 13, 14, 15 constitute four goals making up the biosphere ring 34 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering SDG 6: 8 targets by 2030 SDG 6.1 Universal & equitable access to safe & affordable drinking water SDG 6.2 Adequate & equitable sanitation SDG 6.3 Improve water quality SDG 6.4 Substantially increase water-use efficiency SDG 6.5 Implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation SDG 6.6 Protect and restore water-related ecosystems SDG 6.7 Expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities SDG 6.8 Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management 35 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering SDG 6: 8 targets have 11 indicators Examples: 1) SDG Indicator 6.1.1 for Safe drinking water ▪ “Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services.” 2) SDG Indicator 6.2.1 for Safe sanitation and hygiene ▪ "Proportion of population using (a) safely managed sanitation services and (b) a hand-washing facility with soap and water." 36 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering SDG6: Indicator for the status of IWRM Definition: Indicator 6.5.1 is the degree of integrated water resources management implementation (0–100) for SDG target 6.5 (one of 11 indicators) Source: https://sdg- tracker.org/water-and-sanitation 37 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering  Outline Definitions of Integrated Water Resources Management Concepts of Water Resources Management Dublin-Rio Principles Different aspects of IWRM Sustainable Development Goals Water-Energy-Food-Ecosystem Nexus 38 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering WRM and Water, Energy and Food security nexus IWRM has merits, but more synergies exist, and integration is desirable Water resources management on a catchment and/or aquifer scale has a wider context Many connections (= nexus) exist between water, energy and food (WEF) Water-food-energy nexus first discussed on the World Economic Forum in Davos in 2011 (Hoff, 2011) Many relevant perspectives: Climate change Life cycle analysis for production process; Value chain accounting; sustainable economic development Sustainability of water, energy, … 39 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Understanding the Water Energy Food nexus Water is a finite and vulnerable resource (central) Productivity and availability of water, energy and land vary between regions and production systems demand >> supply Large potential to increase overall resource use efficiency and benefits in Hoff (2011) production and consumption 40 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Understanding the Water Energy Food Nexus Water, energy and food security for all is crucial Safeguarding WEF resources for the future and coping with scarcity Coping with and stopping climate change Fast globalisation, urbanisation, development is often disruptive The Water‐Energy‐Food Nexus. A New Approach in Support of Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture (FAO, 2014) Nexus approach has an added value as a cross-sectoral approach above IWRM: Water is important for food but cannot be isolated from other uses. 41 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Energy and Food Connections WHY??? Bazilian et al., 2011 42 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering  1. Global demand for biomass: land Food price index in points Changes in international prices of a basket of food commodities (cereals, oilseeds, dairy products, meat and sugar) Price fluctuations for a barrel of brent crude oil (in US dollars) 43 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Water productivity of food Hoff (2011) crops feed in competition with food livestock Green water on pastures (consumptive use) Land use related 44 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Water Energy Land Food (WELF) nexus Linking water with food, water with land, land with food is not new. Water for irrigation is 70% of water use with 90% of the consumptive use on land needed for realising a double food productivity. Nexus land-energy and water-energy Hydropower (20% of energy) Water downstream of energy abstraction can be used for irrigation Irrigation upstream is consumptive use and therefore lost for hydropower Potential for improved resource efficiency (Ringler, et al, 2013). Water, land and energy resources are all crucial contributors to human well-being and environmental sustainability. As a result of growing natural resource scarcity, the inter-connectedness of these sectors has become more apparent. The water, energy, land and food nexus concept helps understand the linkages across these sectors and identify measures to reduce the costs of tradeoffs and enhance synergies among the sectors. The Sustainable Development Goals represent a globally significant test for the implementation of WELF nexus thinking. 45 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Water Energy Land Food (WELF) nexus WELF towards improved resource use efficiency through Equity in access to natural resources (WELF) Abandoning interests in one sector only Promoting tools and quantitative information across the WELF nexus Developing and disseminating resource-use efficient and sustainable technology Reducing distorting subsidies with negative effects Optimising market and trade solutions Sometimes trade-offs and conflicts (e.g. diesel is more energy-efficient but cause more air- pollution than gasoline) 46 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Water Energy Food Ecosystem (WEFE) nexus Interdependence of water, energy and food security and ecosystems IWRM core to coordinate sustainable water, soil and land resource management WEFE provides an informed and transparent framework for determining the trade-offs and synergies that maintain the integrity and sustainability of ecosystems 47 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Conclusions Integrated Water Resources Management emerged from the Dublin-Rio principles Different stakeholders have different demands Water is an important part of the Sustainable Development Goals Especially SDG6: access to clean water and sanitation The WEF nexus has a wider perspective on Water Resources Management This can be expanded with Land (WELF) or with Ecosystems (WEFE) In this way IWRM functions within a wider context and holistic framework 48 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering  Outline Definitions of Integrated Water Resources Management Concepts of Water Resources Management Dublin-Rio Principles Different aspects of IWRM Sustainable Development Goals Water-Energy-Food-Ecosystem Nexus 49 Anne Gobin, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Water Resources Management 1 Prof. Dr. ir. Anne Gobin Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences