World War I Past Paper PDF

World War I When is the United States Justified in interfering in another country?  Objectives Be able to describe the causes and events of World War I Be able to summarize the impact of Military involvement of the US in WWI, including mobilization, economic a...

World War I When is the United States Justified in interfering in another country?  Objectives Be able to describe the causes and events of World War I Be able to summarize the impact of Military involvement of the US in WWI, including mobilization, economic and political changes The Causes of WWI M A I N The Causes of WWI  Militarism Definition: The development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy – 1890- Germany has the strongest military – 1897- Germany decided to build up their navy Great Britain already had a strong navy but the build up worried (everyone else).  Alliances This is the formation of military agreements among nations – If one of your allies goes to war then your country will go to war  Alliances Triple Entente Allies (1882) France Great Britain Russia  Alliances Central Powers Germany Ottoman Empire Austria-Hungary (Turks)  Imperialism A nation’s attempt to gain control of weaker and smaller nations. – European nations divided much of Africa into colonies in order to obtain raw materials and sell goods – European nations forced China to grant them trading rights  Nationalism Extreme loyalty to a nation and concern for its welfare – National groups in Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) wanted independence – European nations sought to regain lost territories and/or add land  The Powder Keg June 28, 1914- The Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated in the Bosnian capital Sarajevo – Heir to the Austrian throne – Killed by a member of the Black Hand July 28-Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia – Serbia had an alliance with Russia and Austria- Hungary had an alliance with Germany Archduke and his wife Archduke’s Vehicle - Video  Timeline after Powder Keg July 23-28, 1914: Austrian government declares war on Serbia and invades 4 days later July 31, 1914: Russia (ally of Serbia) mobilizes its troops against Austria. August 1, 1914: Germany (ally of Austria) declares war on Russia. August 3, 1914: Germany declares war on France (FR & all of Russia), & invades neutral Belgium b/c it’s the fastest route to Paris. August 4, 1914: Great Britain (ally of France) declares war on Germany.  War Begins Schlieffen Plan – ½ the German army would hold Russia off – ½ the army would take Belgium on its way to capture Paris. Once France fell, they would focus all their attention on defeating the Russians.  WWI Begins Marne River – French retreat to Marne River and stop German advance. Trench Warfare Begins – Fighting from ditches because of accurate guns. – Began bloody stalemate. No Man’s Land – Land between trenches. Trench Warfare  Trench Warfare Made up of three different trenches (p 392) – Front line – Support line – Reserve line Conditions in the trenches were horrible Video No Man’s Land https://youtu.be/vEgjYABKWrI  Trench Warfare By 1915 both sides were at a stalemate that was produced by Trench Warfare What was the effect of Trench Warfare on the soldiers? WWI Christmas Truce Advertisement http://www.history.com/topics/world-war- i/christmas-truce-of-1914  America’s Response Wilson signs a declaration of U.S. Neutrality (tradition of Washington/Jefferson) and called on the American people to not take sides. Yet Wilson found it hard to protect our Trading rights and maintain neutrality.  America Prior to outbreak of War Business Recession prior to 1914, yet when the outbreak happened our economy rebounded because orders for war supplies for the British and French. By 1915 U.S. Businesses had never been so prosperous. France and GB couldn't afford everything so US allowed J.P. Morgan and bankers to extend $3 billion in credit to our allies. Why did the U.S. become involved? As Britain's blockade began to take hold Germany began attacking supply ships in the water May 7, 1915, a German U-Boat torpedoed a passenger liner called the Lusitania – 1,198 people on board died, 128 were American Citizens – This outraged Americans, but Wilson kept the US out of war Why did the U.S. become involved? Why did the U.S. become involved? Was the Lusitania really just a passenger ship? Why did the U.S. become involved? August 1915 – 3 months after the Lusitania, another U-boat sinks the British Liner Arabic, killing 2 Americans March 1916 – German U-boat torpedo's an unarmed French steamer the Sussex 80 passengers including Americans were killed or missing Why did the U.S. become involved? The Sussex Pledge, May 4, 1916 – Promise made by Germany with the U.S. that it would not sink anymore passenger ships. – Merchant ships will not be sunk until weapons have been discovered and arrangements made to get passengers and crew off safely – Germany honored this pledge for the rest of 1916  Election of 1916 Democrats: Put Woodrow Wilson up for re- election – Slogan- “I kept us out of war” Republicans: select U.S. Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes – Slogan- “Uphold American’s right to freedom of the seas but also promised not to be too severe on Germany” Wilson Win’s Re-election  Turning the Tide June 1916: Congress passes National Defense Act= increased our army to almost 175,000 and construction of 50 new warships. (Battleships, Cruisers, Destroyers, and Submarines). Why did the U.S. become involved? February 1, 1917 – Germany Breaks the Sussex Pledge and began unrestricted submarine warfare. German U-Boats began to attack American ships in the North Atlantic. Why did the U.S. become involved? Zimmermann Note – Telegraph sent by the German Minister to the German Ambassador in Mexico, the British intercepted Why did the U.S. become involved? Germany forms an alliance with Mexico incase the US entered the war In return for helping Germany, Mexico would get back lost territory of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona  U.S Enters the war Wilson delivers War Speech on front steps of Capitol on April 2, 1917 – “The world must be made safe for Democracy. Its peace must be founded upon the trusted foundations of personal liberty.” – Speech  U.S Enters the war General John Pershing was put into command of the American Expeditionary Force Propaganda Posters Propaganda Posters  Changes in America  Great Migration  Blacks move north.  Racial discrimination  Cotton ruined by boll weevil  Ford hires blacks  Factory workers needed  Women  Did jobs of men.  Helped get support for women’s suffrage.  Anti Immigration Trading with Enemy Act – Postmaster could censor mail going overseas Liberty Sandwich (Salisbury Steak) – “Hamburger” changed because of German ties. Orchestra Music – Refused to play Mozart, Bach, Beethoven. Espionage and Sedition Acts – Could not interfere with draft – Could not obstruct sale of government bonds – Could not say anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about government or war.  War at Home War Industries Board Fuel Administration – Headed by Bernard – Headed by Harry Baruch (Wall Street Garfield Broker) – Monitored coal, rationed – Set production priorities gas and heating oil. – Est. centralized control – Nonessential factories over raw materials and closed prices – Daylight-saving time Ex. Make only 5 colors of Take advantage of long shoe laces rather than summer days. 150  War at Home War Economy National War Labor Board – During war years – Headed by Former President income went from Taft $627 in 1914 to – Dealt w/ disputes b/w $1,047 by 1918 management and labor – This rise was workers. undercut by rising – Wages rose, 8 hour workday, food prices and promoted safety inspections, housing cost & union membership rose.  War at Home Committee on Public Food Administration Information – Headed by Herbert – Nation’s 1st Hoover, an engineer Propaganda Agency, – One day a week headed by George would be meatless, Creel sweetless, & breadless – Helped to popularize – In 2 yrs this tripled the war amount shipped – Highly effective overseas Victory Gardens  War at Home Selling the war – 1/3 paid through taxes Progressive income tax: higher income higher tax War-profits tax: higher tax on tobacco, liquor, and luxury – Liberty and Victory bonds Public borrowing through selling of these bonds War Bonds  Selective Service Act Passed May 18, 1917 First draft since the American Civil War – Required all males age 21 to 30 to register for military service – August of 1918, Congress expanded the act to 18 to 45 years old Bared people from volunteering and No Substitutions  Selective Service Act Conscientious objector- member of a recognized religion, that had restrictions on wartime participation. – Still required to register but for non-combat positions The American military was entirely segregated during WWI – 370,000 Black Americans registered Only 200,000 were drafted – 2 Combat units for Black Americans – Rest served in units that performed common labor such as road building, unloading ships, and other labor projects  African-Americans (A-A) in WWI Only minority segregated 369th Infantry “Harlem Hellfighters” Fought primarily with French Highly decorated (in Fr.) U.S. told France to make sure locals “do not spoil those A-As”  Selective Service Act 4.8 Million Americans served in WWI – 2.8 million had been drafted – 2 million men had volunteered Only 350,000 men dodging the draft  War at Home Can the US interfere in Citizens lives during wartimes?  Attacks on Civil Liberties June 1917 – Congress passes the Espionage Act: prohibited obtaining information, recording pictures, or copying descriptions of any information relating to the national defense with intent or reason to believe that the information may be used for the injury of the United States or to the advantage of any foreign nation May 1918 – Congress passes the Sedition Act: extended the Espionage Act of 1917 to cover a broader range of offenses, notably speech and the expression of opinion that cast the government or the war effort in a negative light or interfered with the sale of government bonds.  Attacks on Civil Liberties The American Socialists Party – Leader Eugene V. Debs Est. in 1901 – By WWI the party had 100,000 members 2 elected congressmen – Party belief that “War brings wealth and power to the ruling classes, and suffering, death and demoralization to workers.”  Attacks on Civil Liberties Targeted Socialists and Labor Leaders: – Eugene v. Debs – Emma Goldman – “Big Bill” Haywood – Robert Goldstein – Charles Schenck Attacks on Civil Liberties ACS Draft Pamphlet  Attacks on Civil Liberties Schenck v. United States (1919) – the Supreme Court invented the famous "clear and present danger" test to determine when a state could constitutionally limit an individual's free speech rights under the First Amendment.  U.S Enters the war Technology Improvements by the developments from US WW1 – Video Video Doughboys US Infantry Weapons – U.S. Springfield – Browning M1917 Machine Gun  U.S Enters the war Convoy System – Destroyers escorted merchant ships back and forth across the Atlantic in groups – US Navy also laid a 230 mile barrier of mines from Scotland to Norway – Goal was to keep U-Boats out of Atlantic Ocean.  Air warfare At first pilots shot pistols back and forth at each other Later on they added machine guns and gunners to the planes  Wilson’s Fourteen Points Come up with 5 points that might solve/make peace between Opelika High and Auburn High  Wilson’s Fourteen Points First 5 points; Wilson believed had to be addressed to prevent another war Next 8 deals with boundary changes Last one created an international organization to solve diplomatic crises  Armistice 11 a.m. Paris time on 11 November 1918 – ("the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month"). – Marked a victory for the Allies and a complete defeat for Germany.  Treaty of Versailles France sends – French Premier Georges Clemenceau Great Britain sends – Prime Minister David Lloyd George Italy sends – Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando United States sends – President Woodrow Wilson  Treaty of Versailles The peace conference did not include the defeated Central Powers Took 6 months after the Armistice to come to the terms of the treaty.  Treaty of Versailles Terms 1. 10 new nations 2. Alsace-Lorraine given back to France 3. Reparations of $33 billion placed on Germany. 4. War-Guilt – Germany apologize for war and take sole responsibility for it. 5. Reduce military. 6. Japan got German territories in Pacific  Treaty of Versailles Weaknesses – Humiliated Germany – Russian left out of peace talks and gave up more land than Germany. – Italy got nothing. – Treatment of colonial possessions made colonies mad. – Ignored self-determination of Middle East.  USA and the Treaty USA NEVER signs treaty. Reasons – 14th Point – U.S. did not want to be involved in European affairs (isolationism)  USA and the Treaty Wilson suffers from stroke. – Edith becomes unofficial president.  US in Combat 49,000 Americans died in combat 63, 432 died from disease and from a flu epidemic in training camps. Total 112, 432 (US only)  World War I Casualities 65,038,810 total troops involved in World War I 37,466,904 Total Casualties of all countries involved in World War I – This includes, killed, wounded, missing and Prisoners  Legacy of War After Great War – U.S. very rich – Europe very poor Depression – Starts 1923 in Europe – 1929 in U.S. Hitler takes over the Weimer Republic in Germany to rebuild Germany  World War I Assessment Was the U.S. justified in entering World War I?