Word Formation Processes PDF

WORD FORMATION PROCESSES OUTLINE 1.Morphological 2. Morphological 3. Importance of Typology and Word Processes (Word Morphological Typology Formation Formation) and Word Formation Importance of Morphological Typology and Word Formation 1...

WORD FORMATION PROCESSES OUTLINE 1.Morphological 2. Morphological 3. Importance of Typology and Word Processes (Word Morphological Typology Formation Formation) and Word Formation Importance of Morphological Typology and Word Formation 1 2 3 Linguistic Diversity: Helps Language Evolution: Practical Applications: linguists understand how Provides insights into how Useful in translation, different languages encode languages adapt and language teaching, NLP, and meaning. evolve. linguistic research. Morphological Typology and Word Formation Morphological typology classifies languages based on how they structure and use morphemes. This helps linguists understand how words are formed and structured across different languages. I. Isolating (Analytic ) Languages II. Synthetic Languages Isolating (Analytic) Languages: Characteristics: Words are composed of single morphemes. There is little or no use of affixes for grammatical purposes (e.g., plural, tense). Rely heavily on word order and auxiliary words for meaning. Example: In Mandarin Chinese, "wǒ chī fàn" translates to "I eat rice," where each word stands alone without inflections. Practical Implication: These languages are straightforward in structure, making them easy to identify.  1.Use multiple morphemes (bound and free) to form words, often encoding grammatical information within a single word. Synthetic 2.Types of Synthetic Languages: Languages I. Agglutinating languages II. Fusional (Inflective) languages III. Polysynthetic Languages   Characteristics:  Morphemes are combined in a string, with each morpheme representing a single grammatical meaning. Morphemes remain unchanged when combined. Agglutinating   Example: Languages:  Turkish: "ev-ler-i-nde" (in their houses) has morphemes for house (ev), plural (-ler), possessive (-i), and locative (-nde).  Key Feature:  Easy to separate and identify each morpheme. Fusional (Inflective) Languages: Characteristics: Morphemes fuse multiple meanings into one affix, making them harder to segment. Example: Spanish: "hablo" (I speak) has the root habl- and the suffix -o, which fuses tense, aspect, mood, and subject agreement. Key Feature: Efficient encoding of information but less transparent.   Characteristics:  Words can represent entire sentences by combining multiple morphemes.  Commonly found in Indigenous languages. Polysynthetic  Example: Languages:  Inuktitut: "tusaatsiarunnanngittualuujunga" means "I can't hear very well."  Key Feature:  Highly complex words with rich expressiveness. Morphological Processes (Word Formation) Languages use specific processes to form new words. Understanding these helps identify patterns of language creativity and grammar. 1. Borrowing 2. Slang, jargon, dialect, register 3. Recent new words 4. Coining/neologism 5. Eponym 6. Compounding 7. Reduplication 8. Retronyms 9. Blending 10. Conversions 11. Clipping 12. Acronym and Initialisms 13. Backformation 14. Multiple processes Borrowing The process of taking over words from other languages. Borrowing words from English BORROWING English Special borrowing borrowing words from other languages  Words from English English borrowing words from other Special type of borrowing languages described as loan translation or calque -direct translation of a word into the borrowing language suupa/suupaamaaketto = supermarket croissant (French) gratte-ciel(French)= scrape-sky (Japanese) taipuraitaa = typewriter (Japanese) dope (Dutch) wolkenkrabber(Dutch)= cloud scraper sport = sport (Hungarians) lilac (Persian) Ubermensch ( German) = Superman klub = club (Hungarians) piano ( Italian) Lehn-wort (German)= loan-word futbal = football (Hungarians) pretzel (Germany) sofa (Arabic) tattoo (Tahitian) PROCESSES DEFINITION EXAMPLE Recent new words Recently come into the language Word Spy http: //www.wordspy.com/ Coining/neologism Recently created word; typically refers to a word not derived Bedazzle from existing words Retronyms Word that provides a new name for something to differentiate Analog watch→ digital the original word from a recent form or version watch Compounding Combining one or more words into a single word tooth + brush → toothbrush (a new object). green + house → greenhouse (meaning changes to a specific structure). Reduplication Making a word by doubling an entire free morpheme (total Knock knock, bye bye, duplication) or part of it (partial duplication) hocus-pocus Ibuibu, anak-anak Eponyms Words that come from the name of a person associated with it Braille – Louis Braille or a brand Sandwich – Earl of Sandwich They can also be invented trade names Compounding Combining one or more words into a single word Form a new meaning Humvee HMMWV (high-mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle) SARS severe acute respiratory syndrome NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NIMBY not in my backyard FAQs frequently asked questions MULTIPLE PROCESSES Combination of different processes Website Intention Website new words, phrases, and jargon in English wordspy.com A crowd-sourced platform for tracking slang and colloquial terms, www.urbandictionary.com especially popular among younger demographics. the internet's go-to source for quick and reliable accounts of the origin etymologyonline.com and history of English words