General Physiology for Technologists PDF - Mansoura National University

Faculty of Health Science Technology Mansoura National University General Physiology for Ttechnologist (HST109) Introduction Prepared by Prof Dr / Manar A Nader, Prof Dr / Rania Ramadan, Dr/ Ahmed Ramadan...

Faculty of Health Science Technology Mansoura National University General Physiology for Ttechnologist (HST109) Introduction Prepared by Prof Dr / Manar A Nader, Prof Dr / Rania Ramadan, Dr/ Ahmed Ramadan & Dr/ Marwa El-Sayed First semester Contact/ [email protected] 2024/2025  Course Aims:  Provide foundational knowledge of the human body's physiological processes.  Explain the mechanisms underlying normal body functions at the cellular, tissue, organ, and system levels.  Develop problem-solving skills by correlating physiological knowledge with clinical applications.  Foster an understanding of homeostasis and its role in maintaining health.  Prepare students for advanced studies in medicine, pharmacy, and related health sciences. Introductio  Define physiology and explain its importance in understanding the n to human body. physiology  Describe the levels of structural Chapter's organization in the body. objectives  Physiology  Is the study of the functions of the human body. In order for the body to function normally, the internal environment must be regulated to become relatively constant. Homeostasis Role of Systems in homeostasis Homeo → (human cell) Different body systems (except reproductive system) share in maintaining homeostasis. For example: Stasis → to maintain constant  The gastrointestinal tract → digest food to provide the environmental body with nutrients. condition of the cell.  The respiratory system → obtain oxygen and removes  Many variables carbon dioxide.  The cardiovascular system → transports all these such as: materials and others from one part of the body to body temperature, another. blood pressure,  The urinary system→ eliminates wastes products and blood glucose, oxygen, carbon plays a role in regulation of blood volume and blood  Regulation  The activities of body system are regulated by two systems (maestro) 1. The nervous system. 2. The endocrine system.  Nervous system Peripheral Nervous system I.  The efferent nervous system Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system voluntary system under involuntary system that conscious control controls the functions primarily of visceral organs Each pathway consists of a Each pathway consists of two single motor neuron & the neurons  a preganglionic & a skeletal muscle fibers it postganglionic neuron. innervates The neuron releases All preganglionic neurons of the acetylcholine (ACh)  autonomic nervous system activates nicotinic receptors release ACh. Postganglionic located on the motor end neurons release either ACh or plates of the skeletal muscle norepinephrine  Comparison of the Somatic Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System Feature Somatic Autonomic Type of neural control Voluntary Involuntary Number of motor neurons One Two from CNS to effector Cardiac muscle, smooth Effector organs Skeletal muscles muscle, and glands Presence of ganglia No ganglia exist Effect of nerve impulse on Excitatory only Either excitatory or inhibitory muscle - Muscle tone and function Flaccid paralysis persist & Effect of denervation and atrophy - target effectors show denervation hypersensitivity  Autonomic nervous system Has two major divisions: the sympathetic and the parasympathetic, which often complement each other in the regulation of organ system function. Characteristics Sympathetic Division Parasympathetic Division Effector Smooth muscle; cardiac muscle; glands organs Neurotransmit ter and Ach /nicotinic receptor. receptor type in ganglion Neurotransmit Norepinephrine (except sweat ACh ter in effector glands) organs Receptor α1, α2, β1, β2, β3 Muscarinic types in effector organs Function Fight & Flight (exercise, Rest & Digest [ Relaxing excitement, emergencies) effect]  (Digestion, ↑ Heart rate, ↑ blood glucose, defecation & diuresis( bronchodilation & ↑ blood flow 1) ↓ heart rate to skeletal muscle) 2) Dilates visceral blood vessels.  Adrenal Medulla o The adrenal medulla is a specialized ganglion in the sympathetic nervous system. o In contrast with sympathetic postganglionic neurons, which release only norepinephrine, the adrenal medulla secretes mainly epinephrine (80%) and a small amount of norepinephrine (20%). Why? Adrenergic Receptors Epinephrine & Norepinephrine  bind to receptor  activate coupled G protein  change in the cell  action.  Site Action α. Smooth muscles, blood  Contraction of Smooth Muscle vessels, liver.  V.C of blood vessels Sphincter of GIT, bladder Contraction  slow passage of food & urine α1 Radial muscle of the iris of Contraction  dilation of eye pupil the eye NE  bind to α1  activation G-proteins  activation of phospholipase C  IP3  ↑ cytoplasmic concentration of Ca+2 Presynaptic. ↓ release of NE  -ve feedback α2 Heart  control ↓ B. P SA node ↑ heart rate NE  bind to α1  activation G-proteins   inhibition Av node of adenylyl ↑ conduction velocity β1 cyclase  ↓ cAMP  Arterial & Ventricular  ↑ force of contraction Smooth muscle of blood vessels in Vasodilation skeletal muscle β. Bronchioles Bronchodilation β2 Wall of GI, bladder, uterus relaxation NE  bind to β1 & β2  activation G-proteins  activation of adenylyl cyclase  ↑ cAMP Β3 Adipose tissue Lipolysis  Cholinergic Receptors Stimulated by acetyl choline released from: a. Somatic nerve ending b. preganglionic nerve ending c. post ganglionic parasympathetic nerve ending. d. Post ganglionic sympathetic nerve ending to sweat gland. They are 2 types: muscarinic (M) & nicotinic (N)  Site action M M1 CNS M2 Heart Ach bind to M2  activation G-proteins  ↓ cAMP M3 GI, bladder sphincter Wall of GI, bladder, Bronchioles Circular muscle of iris Glands Ach bind to M3  activation G-proteins  ↑ cytoplasmic concentration of Ca+2 N N1 Ganglia of sympathetic & parasympathetic nerves Adrenal Medulla N2 Neuromuscular junction Ach bind to nicotinic receptor  Open Na+ channel Molecular Effects Of Adrenergic Receptor 16 I- Alpha-1 Receptors: COMT ATP D NA NA β-H NANA MAO Do NA Post-synaptic α1 Phosphatidyl inositols Gq Phospholipase C Ca Protein ++ kinases DAG Protein kinases c Ca ++ IP3 Effector organ 17 I- Alpha-2 Receptors: Peripheral C.N.S. (Central) Pre-synaptic A.T.P Adenyl Ca++ Gi cyclase NA α2 cAMP NA NA Release of NA. Post-synaptic α2 Effector organ 18  -Adrenoceptors: Release of NA. Pre-synaptic β NA NA Post-synaptic NA β A.T.P Gs Adenyl cyclase Ca++ cAMP Effector organ 19 1) What is the main focus of physiology? a) The study of disease b) The study of the structure of cells c) The study of the functions of the human body d) The study of nutrition 2) Which system is responsible for obtaining oxygen and removing carbon dioxide? a) The gastrointestinal system b) The respiratory system c) The cardiovascular system d) The urinary system 3) Which of the following systems regulates blood volume and blood pressure? a) Respiratory system b) Cardiovascular system c) Urinary system d) Endocrine system 4) Which two systems regulate the activities of other body systems? a) Digestive and circulatory systems b) Nervous and endocrine systems c) Respiratory and digestive systems d) Cardiovascular and respiratory systems  5) What term describes the maintenance of a constant internal environment within the body? a) Homeostasis b) Metabolism c) Respiration d) Adaptation Give name: 1) The system responsible for digestion and nutrient absorption. 2) The system that eliminates waste products from the body. 3) The system responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients to tissues throughout the body. 4) The process through which the body maintains a relatively constant internal environment. 5) The system responsible for exchanging gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) with the environment. 1. Which of the following is the primary difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems? a) Somatic is voluntary, autonomic is involuntary. b) Somatic has two neurons, autonomic has one. c) Somatic controls smooth muscle, autonomic controls skeletal muscle. d) Somatic involves acetylcholine release, autonomic uses norepinephrine only. 2. In the autonomic nervous system, which neurotransmitter is primarily released by the sympathetic postganglionic neurons? a) Acetylcholine b) Glutamate c) Norepinephrine d) GABA 3. What is the function of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? a) Fight or flight response b) Rest and digest activities c) Increase heart rate and blood glucose d) Activate sweat glands 4. Which of the following receptors is activated by norepinephrine in the sympathetic nervous system? a) Muscarinic receptors b) Nicotinic receptors c) Alpha and beta receptors d) Dopamine receptors 5. The sympathetic nervous system uses which type of receptor to cause bronchodilation? a) M3 receptors b) Beta-2 receptors c) Alpha-1 receptors d) Nicotinic receptors 6. The adrenal medulla secretes primarily which neurotransmitter? a) Acetylcholine b) Norepinephrine c) Epinephrine d) Dopamine 7. Which of the following is a characteristic of the sympathetic nervous system? a) Decreases heart rate b) Increases digestive activity c) Increases heart rate and dilates pupils d) Increases urination 8. Which type of receptor is involved in the parasympathetic nervous system's action on the heart to decrease heart rate? a) Beta-1 receptors b) Muscarinic receptors c) Alpha-1 receptors d) Nicotinic receptors 9. Which of the following is controlled by sympathetic innervation alone (no parasympathetic control)? a) Adrenal medulla b) Heart rate c) Gastrointestinal activity d) Salivation