Foundations for Physiotherapy Practice Lecture 3, Muscle and Connective Tissues 2024-25 PDF

Foundations for Physiotherapy Practice 2024-25 Week 10. Lecture 3: Muscle and Connective Tissues Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25 Learning Outcomes Following this session and appropriate independent study you should be able to: Describe the structural classificatio...

Foundations for Physiotherapy Practice 2024-25 Week 10. Lecture 3: Muscle and Connective Tissues Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25 Learning Outcomes Following this session and appropriate independent study you should be able to: Describe the structural classification of muscle. Describe the types of connective tissue found in the body and indicate their characteristic functions Describe the functional properties of the three types of cartilage tissue Discuss the structure and function of bone Begin to describe the types Wk10 FPP MMof & CT.bones 2024-25  Tissues Tissues = a group of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function Basic body tissues: Muscle - movement Connective - support Epithelial - covering Nervous - control Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25  Skeletal muscle – arrangement of fibres Individual fibres in a muscle can either run parallel or oblique to the line of pull of the muscle. Parallel fibres Fusiform Sheet Pennate fibres Convergent fibres Circular Wk10 FPP MM & CT lect. 2022-23  Skeletal muscle – arrangement of fibres Pennate arrangement: Unipennate – (feather like shape) fibres attach to one side of the tendon (less tendon movement and so stronger) e.g. extensor digitorum in leg/foot Bipennate - fibres on both sides of tendon e.g. rectus femoris Multipennate - tendon branches in muscle belly e.g. deltoid Wk10 FPP MM & CT lect. 2022-23  Skeletal muscle – arrangement of fibres Parallel fibres (strap) Fusiform- parallel fibres running to a central tendon e.g. biceps e.g. psoas major e.g. sternomastoid e.g. sartorius Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25  Skeletal muscle – arrangement of fibres Parallel - convergent – fibres are spread out & converge at Circular - or sphincter, common attachment (diameter opens/closes) Sheet of muscle e.g. external oblique e.g. pectoralis major abdominal muscle e.g. orbicularis oculi Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25 Tissues Tissues = a group of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function Basic body tissues: Muscle - movement Connective - support Epithelial - covering Nervous - control Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25 Types of Connective Tissues Four main classes 1) Connective tissue proper (including fat and fibrous tissue of ligaments and tendons) 2) Cartilage 3) Bone tissue 4) Blood Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25 Functions of connective tissue ??? · Binding and support · Protection · Insulation · Transportation Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25 Major classes of connective tissue Common Mesenchyme embryonic form Connecti Class of Cartilage Osseous Blood ve tissue connectiv proper e tissue 1. Loose 1. Hyaline 1. 1. Red Blood Subclasses connective cartilage Compact cells tissue 2. White 2.Fibrocartila bone - Areolar blood cells ge 2. Spongy 3. Plasma - Adipose 3. Elastic (cancello - Reticular cartilage us) bone 2. Dense connecti ve tissue - Regular - Irregular Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25 1)Connective Tissue – dense - Regular (Dense or Fibrous connective tissues) Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25 Marieb and Hoehn 2007  Type of dense Regular Connective tissues: Tendons A band, strap or cord of tough, inelastic dense regular fibrous connective tissue which connects a muscle to its bony attachment/s Achilles tendon Biceps tendon Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25 Aponeuroses Sheets of collagen- connective tissue providing muscular attachment i.e. attachment for Abdominal muscle - External Oblique Wk10 FPP MM & CT lect. 2022-23 Deep Fascia Cross section of leg – white lines = layers of deep fascia binding and separating groups of muscles Compact, dense collagen fibres that wrap and bind muscles in muscle groups i.e Tensor fascia lata attached to the fascia lata or iliotibial band Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25 Ligaments These bind bone to bone at joints i.e lateral ligaments of the ankle Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25 Connective tissue- dense- Irregular Marieb and Hoehn 2007 Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25  Examples of dense Irregular connective tissues: Hip joint capsule Shoulder joint capsule Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25 Comparison of dense connective tissues function Regular Irregular e.g. tendons, ligaments e.g. joint capsules Withstands great tensile Withstand tension stress when pulling force applied in one direction exerted in many directions, providing Important when structural strength considering the strength of a movement Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25 2) Cartilage Characteristics: · Has qualities between dense connective tissue and bone · Tough but flexible · Stands up to both tension & compression · Lack of nerve fibres and is ‘Avascular’ (lacks a blood supply) · Up to 80% water · Calcify/ossify in later life Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25 Varieties of cartilage – Histologically: Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage www.kumc.edu/instruction/ medicine/anatomy/ histoweb/cart/cart.htm Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25 Hyaline Cartilage · Location: · embryonic skeleton · covers end of long bones in joint cavity · costal cartilage of the ribs · respiratory tract (nose, larynx, trachea, etc.) · Has a very high numbers of collagen fibres · Provide firm support with some flexibility Wk10 FPP MM & CT lect. 2022-23 Fibrocartilage · Location: · intervertebral disc · menisci of knee joint · Composition is between hyaline cartilage and dense regular connective tissue · Absorb shock Wk10 FPP MM & CT lect. 2022-23 Elastic Cartilage · Location: · epiglottis · external ear · More elastic fibres · Provide strength and exceptional stretch ability Wk10 FPP MM & CT lect. 2022-23 3) Bone Marieb and Hoehn 2007 Wk10 FPP MM & CT lect. 2022-23 Osseous tissue = Bone structure Compact (cortical) bone is dense in texture like ivory. Relative density and architecture vary depending on type of bone Spongy bone (cancellous) consists of a meshwork of trabeculae with intercommunicating spaces, found at the end of long bones and in flat bones - always Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25 covered with compact bone Major regions of the skeleton · The axial skeleton  The skull  The vertebral column  The bony thorax · The appendicular skeleton  The shoulder girdle  The upper limb  The pelvic girdle  The lower limb Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25 Axial Skeleton Skull Cervical Vertebrae Thoracic Support and Lumbar protect Sacral Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25 Modified from Fig. 7.1 Marieb 7 th ed. Appendicular Skeleton pectoral (shoulder ) girdle Support the upper pelvi Movement c limb Minerals (storage)(hip) girdl Blood cells (marrow) e the lower limb Modified from Fig. 7.21 Marieb 7 th ed. Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25 Composition of Bone Tissue components: 25% water 25% protein fibres (notably collagen) 50% mineral salts (primarily calcium phosphate) Strong yet lightweight Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25 Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25 Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25 Types of Bone 1. Long Bones - tibia refers to structure not 2. Short bones – carpus length! 3. Flat bones – ribs 4. Irregular bones – vertebrae NB. look at detail in Friday’s practical's Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25  Key Features of Bone Organic matrix of fibrous connective tissue (toughness and elasticity) impregnated with mineral salts (hardness); Periosteum (encloses bone – outside layer) Dense fibrous tissue Important for bone healing (releases osteoblast precursors) Diaphysis (middle) Shaft of long bone (e.g. shaft of femur) Compact (or condensed) bone Marrow (medullary) cavity lined by endosteum, contains yellow marrow (fat store) » Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25 Key features of bones continued Epiphysis Expanded ends of long bone (e.g. head of femur) Contains growth plates Thin outer layer of compact bone Centre of cancellous (or spongy) bone Trabeculae which are arranged to resist forces Compressive, tensile, shearing Contains red marrow (red blood cell production) Articular cartilage - hyaline Hard and smooth - low» friction Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25  Architecture of bone: fit for function Internal architecture consists of trabeculae (cancellous or spongy bone) The trabeculae are Trabeculae aligned in a pattern that provides maximal strength without too much bulk » Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25 Internal Architecture of bone Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25 Conclusion Recap on the Learning Outcomes from the beginning of the session and your appropriate independent study - you should be able to: Describe the types of connective tissue found in the body and indicate. their characteristic functions Describe the functional properties of the three types of cartilage tissue Discuss the structure and function of bone Begin to describe the types of bones (more on Friday!) Do you feel you would be able to meet these? If not go back over the material and check other sources – Canvas, Textbooks etc Still unsure, ask a friend Still unsure, come and speak to Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25 one of the tutors  Thank you for listening & participating ANY QUESTIONS ?? Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25 References » Moore KL, Dalley AF (2005) Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 5th ed. Baltimore. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkens » Palastanga N, Field D, Soames R (2012) Anatomy and Human Movement – Structure and Function, 6th ed. Oxford, Butterworth Heinemann. Chapter 1. ebook » Sandring, S (2008) Grays Anatomy, 14th ed. London, Elsevier » Tyldesley, B and Grieve, J (2002) Muscles, Nerves and Movement in Human Occupation, 3rd ed. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, pg 3-8 (Framework and Support: The Connective Tissues ) » Wk10 FPP MM & CT. 2024-25