Enzymes: A Study Guide PDF

Reduced Oxidation Cutting with a sharp knife can expose the lettuce to more air, leading to oxidation, which can make the lettuce taste bitter and wilted faster. Tearing, on the other hand, minimizes this exposure. Inspired by Missio...

Reduced Oxidation Cutting with a sharp knife can expose the lettuce to more air, leading to oxidation, which can make the lettuce taste bitter and wilted faster. Tearing, on the other hand, minimizes this exposure. Inspired by Mission, Driven by Excellence Objectives 1. describe the components of enzymes; 2. determine how factors such as pH, temperature and substrate affect enzyme activity; and 3. explain oxidation/ reduction reactions Inspired by Mission, Driven by Excellence Enzymes: The Master Chefs of the Cell They speed up chemical reactions, making them happen faster and more efficiently. providing a special "workspace" where the molecules can interact more easily. Inspired by Mission, Driven by Excellence Inspired by Mission, Driven by Excellence ENZYMES- A CATALYST Inspired by Mission, Driven by Excellence ❖not consumed during the reaction process and remain unchanged ❖highly selective and specific due to the shape of the molecule ❖composed of protein and nonprotein (cofactor) components: - organic groups - cations or positively charged metal ions - organic molecules (vitamins or made from vitamins (coenzyme) Inspired by Mission, Driven by Excellence  MODELS FOR ENZYME REACTION Daniel Emil Fischer Koshland Specificity of enzyme to the substrate Active site is continuously reshaped by by having a complementary shape that interactions with the substrate as the forms enzyme substrate substrate interacts with the enzyme Inspired by Mission, Driven by Excellence 6 CLASSES OF ENZYMES-BASED ON TYPE OF REACTION INVOLVED Inspired by Mission, Driven by Excellence  COMPONENTS OF ENZYMES ❖Holoenzymes – protein portion (apoenzymes) ❖ Cofactor - non protein portion ❖ Metal ion – Fe, Cu, Mg, Mn, Ca, Co ❖Molecules – NAD+, NADP+,FMN, FAD or coenzyme ❖Active site Inspired by Mission, Driven by Excellence FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY ❑Temperature - increase in temperature leads to increase in products formed - increase in vibrational energy ❑pH - Both H+ and OH- can interfere with the bonds that hold the enzyme together ❑Concentration range - increase in concentration leads to increase in the rate of reaction until it reaches a threshold point ❑ Redox (reduction-oxidation) - influences enzymatic activity; Redox reactions are fundamental to regulating enzyme activity.Inspired by Mission, Redox reactions are fundamental to regulating enzyme activity. Driven by Excellence What happens when enzymes are heated to a high temperature? High heat destroys enzymes. Enzymes are protein molecules that get denatured at high temperatures. High heat breaks hydrogen and ionic bonds leading to disruption in enzyme shape. The enzyme loses its activity and can no longer bind to the substrate *degrade/denature and die/stop working Inspired by Mission, Driven by Excellence Extreme pH values can cause enzymes to denature. A chemical reaction that involves the transfer of an electron is classified as an oxidation-reduction reaction. Oxidation is the process of losing electrons, while reduction is the process of gaining them. Inspired by Mission, Driven by Excellence Inspired by Mission, Driven by Excellence Inspired by Mission, Driven by Excellence  Real-World Example Cellular respiration: The process of breaking down glucose for energy involves many redox reactions. Enzymes like cytochrome c oxidase transfer electrons, helping to generate energy. Antioxidant enzymes: These enzymes protect your cells from damage caused by harmful molecules called free radicals. They often use redox reactions to neutralize free radicals. Immune system: Your immune system uses redox reactions to fight infections. For example, nitric oxide synthase produces nitric oxide, which is a powerful signaling molecule involved in immune defense. Inspired by Mission, Driven by Excellence The Big Picture Redox reactions are fundamental to life. They control many vital processes, including energy production, cell signaling, and immune responses. Understanding how redox reactions affect enzymatic activity is essential for understanding how our bodies work Inspired by Mission, Driven by Excellence  Enzymes are proteins that There are 2 models for catalyze chemical reactions enzyme interaction: by decreasing the activation energy needed for the - Lock and Key model occurrence of any chemical reaction. - Induced Fit model An enzyme requires a binding Factors affecting site on the substrate, the active enzyme activity site, as the area of attachment. - temperature Enzymes are very specific to a - pH substrate active site and are - concentration range affected by temperature. - Redox(reduction- oxidation) reaction Inspired byDriven Mission, by Excellence