Wiedza o Wielkiej Brytanii Exam 3 PDF

Wiedza o Wielkiej Brytanii – wykład Notatki na egzamin – I ROK FAH I SEMESTR Wykład 1 ROMAN BRITAIN ➔ 1st to lead army to Britain o didn’t result in Roman occupation o Julius Caesar was there twice (55 BC and 54 BC) 55 BC – first invasion on Britain by...

Wiedza o Wielkiej Brytanii – wykład Notatki na egzamin – I ROK FAH I SEMESTR Wykład 1 ROMAN BRITAIN ➔ 1st to lead army to Britain o didn’t result in Roman occupation o Julius Caesar was there twice (55 BC and 54 BC) 55 BC – first invasion on Britain by Caesar’s army ➔ Claudius invaded Britain with 40 000 army 43 AD o pretext - to help one tribe from nearby o wanted control British gold, silver and tin mines o they conquered most but the North tribes (Scotland) ➔ 122 AD Hadrian’s Wall was built – to separate (today) Scotland and Roman Britain ➔ How British leaders reacted to Romans? o some made friends o some were neutral o some rebellions one of the most notable: queen Boadicea/Boudica, queen of the Iceni (East Anglia) her husband was leading tribe that befriended Romans after his death, Romans invaded their tribe, shaming her (?) and raping their 2 daughters Iceni really successful rebellion – they destroyed the 1st Roman Britain capital - Camulodunum (today’s Colchester) eventually, Boudica was defeated and according to Romans the woman took poison ➔ Roman Britain (thanks to Romans attractive for other invasions) ended in 410 o we know because of the letter Roman emperor Honorius send to Britons (that they needed to protect themselves from other invasions and not rely on Roman) o Romans left Britain because continental Romans needed help with Barbarians ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND o Roman left, 3 Germanic tribes invaded (from Northern Germany and Denmark  the Anglo-Saxons  Angles  Saxons  Jutes Why they invaded? theory says they were invited o King Arthur (if he existed) Romano-British opposition to Anglo-Saxon invasion national hero, who opposed the creation of Britain used later by Tudors (Tudor propaganda) military leader not really a king Wykład 2 VIKINGS – why they are important they were a cause of unition of Anglo-Saxons ➔ Alfred the Great (the only “the Great” one), King of Wessex (not of England, one of Anglo-Saxons) (871-899) o he laid foundation for his descendants to unite the England o great commander and war leader – successful with fighting the Vikings; also a great diplomatic, England was divided o Danelaw (Viking’s part) – a bit of failure (loss of territory) and positive (stopped bloodshed) o the1st English navy o forts o codification of law o school, scholars – very important for administration o Monasteries (klasztory) – he recognized the importance of them o translation – personally translated from Latin to Anglo-language (chyba he translated the Bible); ordered some things to be translated, o ordered the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle – it was written in English (not in Latin) ➔ Edward the Confessor (1042 – 1066) o son of the Unready o Witan invited him to come back and take the crown of England o very modest and religious – he had no children and this lead in some way to important event (just a bit later explained) o on his orders Westminster Abbey (traditional coronation place of British kings) was built (the most important Church in England) ➔ Edward’s lack of heir resulted in “fight for the throne” o most important candidates Harold Godwinson, Earl of Wessex   Anglo-Saxon baron, powerful, respected by other barons, his sister was Edward’s wife William, Duke of Normandy  ruthless warrior, great commander, claim to throne because there was a meeting of him and Edward where it was promised by Edward that William should take the crown, Ed’s mother was Will’s aunt Harald Hardrada  King of Norway, distant cousin of Canute, wanted Vikings back o SPECIAL HISTORICAL SOURCE – The Bayeux Tapestry – an iconographic masterpiece it shows the next king’s road to the throne it is embroidered 17 meters long, similar to comic 1) initial scene 1064  Edward talking to Harold being sent to Normandy  English crossing the sea to talk to William  Harold promised William to support him  returned from Normandy, king fragile and ill  Edward’s death (2nd) and funeral (1st) (not really known why)  before Edward’s death he talks to Harold Godwinson and says he should be a king o 6 January 1066 – new king announced by Witan – Harold Godwinson th wearing the crown, holding scepter and orb There were people who thought Harold’s coronation was a step too far – he had no royal blood Halley’s comet appeared in the sky (confirmed by astronomers) ppl thought it was a bad omen News of Harold’s coronation was carried across the channel to William, Duke of Normandy, he’s furious, decides to invade England (prepares for invasion) o Harald Hardrada – September 1066 he did a huge invasion successful at first (with help of a traitor) 25th September – Anglo-Saxon army defeat Harald (he was killed)  annihilated the Viking forte  Stanford Bridge o 28th September 1066 – William set sail for England and landed in Sussex (South) Harold Godwinson sent cavalry to South Normans moved East, collected food and threw some parties 14th October 1066 – Battle of Hastings (two armies met)   Harold’s army tired from travel, but King was perceived a hero as he fought alongside his soldiers, he refused to surrender even though he fought 2 major battles within 3 weeks, they were a bit smaller army protecting their land from Normans  the battle was very violent as men hacked and speared each other to death  Harold’s 2 younger brothers were killed iconic picture (frequently) the Normans pretended to flee, Start: the Anglo-Saxons Anglo-Saxons Normans slowly broke ranks, the Normans turned Anglo-Saxons winning broke the about and slew gave up (defending the formation everybody hill) king Harold was struck in the eye with an arrow (he died a few hours later)  with Harold dead, the battle was over  victorious Normans chased the remaining English from the battlefield ▪ (about the tapestry) horse sizes: some people say the difference is due to perspective, when others think these were actually two different animals: horses and ponies ▪ the final scene of tapestry was lost BRITAIN IN MIDDLE AGES NORMAN BRITAIN ➔ William I or William the Conqueror o coronation ceremony took place on 25th December 1066 – because they needed to “take care” of rebels first o coronation was a complete failure about logistics inside there was happy “cries” in French “God save the King” soldiers set fire as they were mistaken (they thought the cries were an alarm, as they were standing outside) o William was brutally effective at spreading Norman power throughout his kingdom - a lot of Anglo-Saxons rebelled  o The Tower of London – symbol of Norman conquest was built to keep Londoners in bay royals residence ➔ With 10K people (Normans) controlling 2M population, the Anglo-Saxon England was over. The Norman era began. o The Domesday Book (1086) source of our knowledge about these times who owed what in England after 1066; everything: land possession, property it included detailed description of England ➔ Caen – capital city of Normandy o William I barely was in England he was injured in the guts when fighting the French king (1087) he was buried in Normandy his body exploded while trying to put him in the sarcophagus ➔ Last successful invasion on England was the above mentioned – the Normans Conquest ➔ after the death of William the Conqueror, there was time of not very peaceful ruling, finally resulting in Henry II (son of Matilda) reign and introduction of Plantagenet dynasty Wykład 3 ➔ Henry II o he started the Plantagenet o not only was he the King of England but also Lord of Ireland o territorial empire (for the first time in history while his reign): England, Normandy, Anjou, Aquitaine – through marriage and conquering Henry II was the first king to conquer Irish territories o codification of law introduced common law for the kingdom to be unified the jury system was born by codification trained lawyers were appointed and they started courts and trials then the jury system consisted of 12 honest men, who would give judges advice and tell them about circumstances of a crime o Henry II – king who regulated the law, proclaimed himself Lord of Ireland and whose England was big territory ➔ CONFLICT HENRY II vs. ARCHBISHOP OF CATENBURY (Thomas Becket)  o this story was the origins of “The Canterbury Tales”, written in 1390s – 1st book to be ever printed in England (in XV century, written in Middle English, vivid picture of life in Medieval England) o the king and the archbishop were close, Thomas was very loyal. King supported Becket in his candidature to become Archbishop of Canterbury (the highest rank in English Church). Henry thought they can cooperate to change the world. Becket forgot the friendship and when king told him he wants to delete Church courts (and only leave the state ones), they disagreed on that matter. Henry was furious and once in anger he said: “Isn’t there anybody in this kingdom who would free me of that troublesome priest?” o 29 December 1179 – on steps of his own cathedral, 4 knights killed th Becket as they mistaken the quote for an order o Henry was regretting his words, he was soring (to sore) Henry II sent 200 knights to the Holy Land at his own expense he also did penance o the murder shocked people in the world, so Henry discarded his plans of abolishing Church court o Thomas becket was canonized 3 years later ➔ Richard I, the Lionheart (Cœur de Lion) o Henry II’s son, next king o “He was a bad son, bad husband and a bad king, but he was a gallant and splendid soldier” – loved by people which wonders historians o Crusader o King’s ransom – is an idiom meaning really big money (‘ransom’ - ‘okup’; similar to ‘sumy bajońskie’) where did this idiom come from?  Story 1: Richard was being kept prisoner of Germany and Austria and for his release they wanted 150K marks (A LOT of money) o 10 years was his reign, 9 of which he was out of England o he raised money to finance 3rd Crusade, desperate, he offered many things, even London for these wanting to buy o years of reign he was busy fighting France o Richard was struck by an arrow and died childless ➔ John Lackland o Richard’s younger brother o the nickname ‘Lackland’ came from his father when he was a teenager o “self-fulfilling prophecy” – he lost most of his continental lands to French king o important events of his reign  money exhorted from the Church, barons and commoners to defend the possession in France (to regain the land)  high taxes, as he was always short on money conflict over the appointment of the Archbishop of Canterbury (John wanted the same as his father – to control the Church  king wanted to appoint one person who was one of his loyal supporters, monks of Canterbury appointed their own candidate  Pope Innocent III appointed his own candidate  king did not accept him as Archbishop, seeing him as too close to the Pope and a threat to royal authority  Pope placed England under an Interdict (church services, sacraments (except for baptism and last rites), and burials were suspended and later excommunicated John (which cut him off from the Church and weakened his legitimacy as king). Eventually, the ban was lifted England on edge of civil war king met he people in Runnymede in 1215 – the meeting which resulted in the creation of Magna Carta Libertatum/the Great Charter of Liberties  Magna Carta is a key document in English history  agreement between elite and the king  they agreed that: ▪ the power of the monarch should be limited: “The king must not impose taxes at his will, but he must consult his nobles about it.” - whenever king wanted to impose taxes he needed to consult his nobles ▪ nobody (no nobleman) should be arrested without proper legal excuse ▪ freedom of the Church and towns guaranteed (free from royal invitation)  creation of Magna Carta had important long-term consequences, one of which being creation of the parliament (it is key in English parliamentary history and constitutional history) ➔ Edward I o the Hammer of Scots o first king to recognize parliament officially o Edward I’s model of parliament of 1295  bishops, barons, counsellors and two knights from every county, two citizens from every city, two burgesses from every borough and representatives of ordinary people they agreed on tax Edward needed money for wars o Edward’s conquest on Wales people had tried to conquer Wales before but no one was successful Prince of Wales (Llywelyn the Great) refused to recognise Edward as an overlord Welsh prince rebelled against the king, after 5 years of fighting he died in battle 13th century – Wales became a part of England to make sure Wales do not rebel:  English built chain of castles near the sea ▪ for English it was showing who’s the boss ▪ for Wales it was a symbol of oppression  Edward let Welsh customs and language remain and made his eldest son Prince of Wales  the troublesome parts divided into counties, like in England ➔ after conquering Wales, King Edward turned to Scotland o QUICK SCOTLAND’S HISTORY: rose as an independent kingdom in 9th century Scottish tribes united against the Vikings under the rule of Kenneth MacAlpin (Scots)  united as Kingdom of Alba (Latin: Scotia) – it was the first kingdom North from Hadrian’s Wall Scotland created in 11th century o end of 13th century: Scottish king and princess died  very many candidates  to avoid civil war, they decided to ask Edward I, who should be the next King of Scotland  Edward supported John Balliol (actual next king) whose role was to be loyal and just sit and do nothing  1295 – loyalty tested; Edward asked Scottish barons to support them against France, which was against barons ▪ barons signed a treaty of friendship and support with France where they agreed to support and protect each other against England; called the Auld Alliance  Edward was outraged, the alliance caused a brutal war between England and Scotland  Edward raised an army and marched North   John Balliol defeated in battle (after release from prison, never allowed to come back to Scotland) ▪ English success ▪ Edward took the Stone of Destiny/Scone (stone of Scottish coronation) with him and he place it under his throne in London Scots were to be loyal to the king, but some rebelled  William Wallace – member of lower nobility, born-, charismatic leader ▪ very successful fighting English ▪ defeated England in Stirling Bridge (1295) ▪ the Guardian of Scotland – he was named that, he acted on behalf of King Balliol ▪ the Battle of Falkirk 1298 – Scots lost, Wallace resigned ▪ he was captured by Scots and sentenced for high treason ❖ 1305 disembowelled, his head cut off, his body cut into quarters – since then, remembered as a Scottish hero  Robert Bruce – the true “Braveheart” ▪ secretly crowned as a King of Scotland in 1306 ▪ patient man and politician ❖ waited for Edward’s death and then started succeeding in small battles ▪ 1314 – Bannockburn (English vs. Robert Bruce) ❖ the war of 1st encounter of Bruce and English ❖ he chose the place (clever choice) – marshy place ❖ English had horses or were with heavy armour ❖ greatest Scottish victory against English in Scotland’s history (similar to Battle of Grunwald in Poland) ❖ Declaration of Arbroath (1320) “… for, as long as but a hundred of us remain alive (…)” – one of the key texts in Scottish history o Tomb of Edward I: “Edwardus Primus Scotorum Malleus”; the Hammer of Scots – interpreted as will to destroy Scottish or like blacksmith, he created Scotland as a nation aware of their individuality Wykład 4 These are serious events which had disastrous consequences (some short term, some long term). Some turned out to be positive in the long run. ➔ The 100 Years War o long conflict/the big conflict o BELLIGERENTS: England and France o WHEN: 1337 – 1453 o CAUSES: land  French lands controlled by a foreign power (British)  English lands in France confiscated  French wanted to recollect their land from England ▪ they did recollect one territory, which sparked the war money  France ban on the importation of wool from England power – the crown  Edward III’s claim to the French throne (Charles IV, Philip VI of Valois) o consequence of economic war (as well) o 1337 French king died childless succeeded by his cousin Philip o Edward proclaimed himself as a King of France (he’s mom was French princess) o the 100 in the name does not reflect the direct number of years it lasted – it symbolizes a really long time The 100 Years War was actually a series of conflicts, broken by the periods of peace (it is divided to 4 phases) 1346 – Crécy – the 1st great English victory 1356 – Poitiers – another great English victory – since then England started losing 1415 – Agincourt – English victory  new weapon – long bows (English)  the battle was followed by a treaty in which was stated that Henry V Lancaster (King of England) and his French princess wife’s (the marriage was diplomatic, political and a huge success) sons were to rule over both countries – THIS WAS SUPPOSED TO BE A BEGINNING OF UNION o 1422 – two kings died; Henry VI (Henry V’s son) was automatically proclaimed the King of France according to the treaty Henry VI was then just 9 months old the French prince used this fact to fight for his right for the throne   he raised an army and renewed the war  motivated by Joan of Arc – she convinced him to fight for his crown o 1429 – the English defeated at Orleans o 1453 – the last English stronghold – Bordeaux – taken by the French; o the war ended like this with France winning o CONSEQUENCES: negative  England lost her lands in France (apart from Calais and the Channel islands)  unrest at home (1381 Richard II, Henry VI lost their thrones, nobles competed for influence) positive  development of English national identity ▪ all Frenchness was rejected – marked the beginning of the hostility between the two  development of the English language ▪ the French language rejected by English – the tables have turned as then the previously “mass” English language became the language of the elite (instead of French) ❖ peasant spoke English as well ➔ The Black Death o both England and France o VI 1348 (inhabitants of Dorset, Southeast of England) people started dying of some mysterious disease large swellings buboes in armpits and legs with spots of blood under the skin – they looked black, therefore the name the plague was brought from: (FLEAS -> RATS -> SHIPS ->MIDDLE EAST -> EUROPE -> ENGLAND) fleas bites caused illness bubonic plague/pneumonia plague o CONSEQUENCES: the plague killed 30% to 45% population of England shortage of people to farm the land – which led to food shortage and higher prices labour shortage results in a shift from crop farming to sheep farming (it took fewer workers) – that’s why England became a big producer of wool positive (especially for peasants and labourers):  increase in wages   increasing standards of living – they had enough money  the Black Death wasn’t bad for the survivors ➔ The Wars of the Roses 1455 – 1485 o connected to 100 Years War o civil war o When Henry VI Lancaster (mentally ill) came of age he hated warfare in 1453 he signed a peace treaty with France and he was blamed for the defeat/humiliation the same year he became unresponsive because of his mental illness o conflict over the throne of England between the Yorks (white rose; they supported Duke of York - Edward) and the Lancasters (red rose; they supported the king no matter of his state) o not a typical civil war; fought by private armies of great nobles, didn’t engage ordinary people but still affected them (they didn’t care about the king) looting and terrorizing o Henry VI was murdered o Edward IV who represented York became a new king o 1483 – Edward IV died Next king was supposed to be his son Edward V, and he was proclaimed a king when he was 12 years old, but coronation never happened Richard, the Duke of Gloucester, uncle of Edward V, decided to take Edward and his younger brothers under his care; they were placed in the Tower of London for their safety Richard declared his nephews illegal and proclaimed himself a king, becoming Richard III  supported by many people in England  the princes disappeared (after 1483 never seen again in England) – no one knows what happened Richard’s actions outraged people and even turned his supporters against him outraged people invited Henry Tudor (Lancastrian; future Henry VII) to come back from exile in France, as a person related to Henry V through Catherine of Valois o 22 August 1485 – Tudor landed in Wales and went with army to London nd Battle of Bosworth (against Richard III)  Richard III killed  Henry Tudor immediately proclaimed a new king  The battle important because it marks the arrival of new dynasty & MARKS AN END OF MIDDLE AGES in England, opening Newly Modern Period o to put an end to the war – Henry VII married Elizabeth of York symbolic end of Wars of the Roses - symbolized by Tudor rose (red and white petals) TUDOR ERA ➔ Henry VII Tudor o cleverest King of England o wasn’t a soldier or a fighter, but he was a great diplomat used his children as elements of diplomatic endeavours o put a stop to all warfare (established peace with Scotland, France and Spain) o a period of peace under his reign o good/effective manager (he was good with money) o he sent John Cabot (Italian) to explore and claim lands for him 1492 he landed and claimed some of future Canada Henry VII Arthur Henry VIII Margaret Mary - myths used for - married Scottish - married the future King of propaganda (the name King France (wasn’t a queen for Arthur referring to the … long time) - many years later legendary King Arthur made political - second marriage for love - married a daughter of union with Scotland Ferdinand & Isabel of Catherine of Aragon was 15 when she arrived to England to marry - her granddaughter (Jane Grey) shortly proclaimed Spain – Catherine of Arthur, who was a boy of very delicate health o Spain) queenwhether 1502 – months after wedding, Arthur died (it is unknown of England the Aragon (from marriage was consummated) Catherine’s family didn’t pay full sum of big dowry of 200K ducats *that’s why she couldn’t come back to Spain and Henry VII postponed her marriage to Henry VIII*  she spent 7 years in England waiting for marriage with Henry VIII  she became the 1st female ambassador (of Spain) in European history  o cannon law forbade a man to marry his brother’s widow but Pope granted eventually dispensation Wykład 5 ➔ Henry VIII – a “perfect man” o 2nd Tudor king o King of Ireland (1st one proclaimed) o administrative union between England and Wales o founder of the Royal Navy o breaking with Rome o six marriages / six wives: Catherine of Aragon – previously Arthur’s wife Anne Boleyn Jane Seymour Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Catherine Parr o Catherine of Aragon for over 20 years she was a happy wife of Henry’s 5 years older than Henry interested in politics, Henry often asked for her advice 6 times pregnant, 3 kids: 2 sons (both named Henry) and a daughter  of the 3, only the daughter lived and reached adulthood ▪ she had the right to success the throne, but Henry wanted a son ▪ her name was Mary, later in life she became queen Mary I, known as “bloody Mary” o Anne Boleyn 1526 – Miss Anne Boleyn (lady-in-waiting) became Henry’s lover at first she resisted the flirtation, insisting on Henry divorcing his then wife for 7 years Henry struggled to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon (his reasoning being the fact that she was married before); only Pope could annul the marriage – he was dependent on Spanish king  King Charles of Spain, German emperor, was Catherine of Aragon’s nephew and he put pressure on the Pope to keep Catherine in England 1533 – Henry decided to break up with Rome   Bishop of Canterbury cancelled the marriage and validated the marriage with Anne Boleyn  in summer 1533 Anne Boleyn was pregnant, she was crowned a queen in June, 3 months later she gave birth to a girl (only surviving child of hers) – Henry disappointed ▪ Anne’s daughter grew up to become Elizabeth I 1536 – Catherine of Aragon died – they attended the funeral  during the funeral, Anne Boleyn miscarried the baby as she got angry at Henry and a girl sitting in his lap (Jane Seymour) ▪ later it was discovered that the miscarried baby was supposed to be a boy Henry got furious – Anne was accused of:  adultery (not faithful to husband)  incest  plotting to kill the king she was beheaded with a sword – on 19th May 1536 Henry VIII got rid of his 2nd wife o Jane Seymour 30th May 1536 – Henry married Jane Seymour she worked hard to improve relationship of Henry and Mary (who was sent away) Jane was the only one to give Henry a surviving son (and it was her only child)  1537 – the birth of Edward VI – delicate, but brought Henry joy Jane died 12 days after Edward’s birth and Henry grieved for her for 4 years o the Act of Supremacy – 1534 act of parliament, still validate in England constitution defined the right of Henry VIII to be supreme head on earth of the Church of England Henry was against Luther and even though he made the Protestant reformation happen he stayed Catholic at heart  he wrote a book/pamphlet (before parting with Rome) and he was “awarded” a title of ‘Fidei Defensor’ (Protector of Faith) by the Pope, which Henry kept even after breaking with Rome ▪ *NOW on the coins the title stayed ❖ D.G. – by the grace of God ❖ F.D. – Fidei Defensor ➔ Edward VI – new king  o the only legal son of Henry VIII o Edward died in 1553 ➔ Mary I o Edward’s older sister, the daughter of Catherine of Aragon succeeded him o she was the 1st crowned queen of her own right o devout Catholic, intended to make England Catholic again (took bold actions towards that goal) o married the most powerful monarch – Phillip of Spain II o war with France Calais was lost Protestants were burnt at the stakes (there are above sixty proven cases) she gained a nickname “Bloody Mary” because of that o many people waited for Mary as queen, some were against her (Protestant aristocracy) one of the reasons being that Protestant aristocracy was the main beneficiary of monastic lands confiscations; they were newly wealths o Mary died after 5 years of reign she died childless she appointed her younger sister – Elizabeth – as a new queen (on her death bed) ➔ Elizabethan England (1558 – 1603) o an age of sailors and explorers Sir Walter Raleigh – brought tobacco from America, national obsession with tobacco Sir Francis Drake (knighted by Elizabeth I , unofficially pirate supported by her) – 1st English man to circumnavigate the globe; the greatest sailor England began to be a participant in the colonial race  establishment of trading companies ▪ the East India Company (the biggest and powerful economically and politically  established colonies ▪ 1st colony in 1607 named after Elizabeth: Virginia (as she was a virgin) o Elizabethan England called The England, The Golden Age – great growth in culture and philosophy Shakespeare – Elizabethan playwright  Shakespeare actually wrote more in the successor’s era, but he started during Elizabeth reign, therefore his title The Globe Theatre   the original The Globe Theatre was burnt, today it is a replica Francis Bacon – the father of empiricism (philosophy)  philosophy that emphasizes the role of experience and sensory observation as the primary source of knowledge era distinctive from architecture – progress between renaissance and baroque - English Renaissance  Hardwick Hall in Derbyshire – huge windows, symmetrical shapes ➔ Elizabeth I o daughter of Anne Boleyn o ruled for a bit over 44 years and she was the longest ruling Tudor monarch o Elizabeth I was a Protestant, but she was fine with ‘invisible’ Catholics, however she was persuaded that Catholics were dangerous Anti-Catholic policies became stricter very high fines were imposed for not attending Protestant services many people converted from Catholicism to Protestantism for fear of losing their lives (many Catholics were executed for refusing to convert to Protestantism) birth of Puritanism  ‘Puritanism was essentially a movement for church reform, pastoral renewal and evangelism, and spiritual renewal’ James J. Packer, A Quest for Godliness (Wheaton Crossway Books, 1990), p. 28 people who thought Elizabeth was too gentle with Catholics more radical than average (in Church of England) in both Church issues and politics, they became influential o some people who felt discriminated wanted to dethrone Elizabeth for Mary Stuart Queen of Scots (Elizabeth’s cousin) o Mary Queen of Scots: was a few days old when she officially became a queen she was brought up in France she married the heir to the French throne - she was a queen of France for a couple months, then she abdicated due to her husband’s death after that she came back to Scotland Mary was a Catholic  when she was in France, Scotland was Protestant the tension between the queen and her subjects led to her abdication she abdicated for her son James and left Scotland Mary found refuge in England   however instead of protecting Mary, Elizabeth imprisoned her for 19 years (until Mary’s death)  1587 – Mary was accused of being a part of the Babington plot (plot against Elizabeth) and executed for treason o 1588 – Spain (ruled by Phillip II of Spain) planned to invade England reasons:  want to punish Elizabeth for killing Mary  support given by Elizabeth I to English pirates and rebels in the Netherlands  persecution of English Catholics  plans to take over England as the king was related the plan was for 130 ships from Spain to go to Flanders and Flemish army would join Spanish and together they would attack English 1588 – fight with Spanish Armada  Spanish plan didn’t work because Drake’s (English) army defeated Spanish  the Battle of Gravelines – the most important battle  Spanish ships destroyed on way back home because of the weather  9 thousand Spanish died, 26 ships returned 1588 was the year when England defeated their main colonial enemy – Spain Wykład 6 THE STUARTS ➔ James I o appointed by Elizabeth as her successor o Elizabeth’s Scottish cousin – James VI of Scotland; James I Stuart o 1603 – his reign started o Mary Stuart’s son 1587 (the year she was executed) James was about 20 years old he knew very well about his mother’s situation with imprisonment and accusations, but he did nothing about her execution  it was actually a political decision as he knew that he was next in line to the throne after Elizabeth’s death (he decided not to stand up to Elizabeth to secure his position) o with his reign (1603) the beginning of Union of the Crowns separate parliament, governments, administration but shared monarch  o some people were not fine with new Protestant king Robert Catesby & Guy Fawkes – hatched a plot against King James (to murder him)  the plan was to build a cellar with barrels of gunpowder under royal building, Guy Fawkes was in charge of lighting the fire 5 November 1605 – the chosen date for king’s assassination th  good choice of the date, as that day was the State Opening of Parliament, so the king was there, as well as mostly Protestant parliament  plot was discovered, explosion never took place, Guy Fawkes sentenced to death in 1606 act was passed which said set the 5th of November as a celebration – Thanksgiving (for saving the king) *Masks of Guy Fawkes – symbol of anti-totalitarian environments James I survived o James I was the first monarch to title himself King of Great Britain (England, Scotland, Wales) o he was 36 years old when he took over the English throne o he was a royal absolutist he thought he didn’t need anyone to tell him what to do o parliament was becoming more and more self-aware of their growing importance o Scotland was perceived by the English nobles as a wild country, so James was perceived as uncivilized and wild king ➔ Charles I o successor of James Stuart o *Anthony van Dyck painted portraits of Charles’ family (3 Charles portrait) o The Divine Right of Kings he believed in the rule that he was smart enough to be a king without consultants o unlike James, who only talked about royal absolutism, Charles took it into action – he didn’t call parliament for 11 years o 1640 – he gathered angry parliament (as parliament members demanded him to do) they tried to get king to give a written guarantee, that they could meet regularly and then they would approve of tax the king wanted to introduce Charles disagreed next time, parliament just did what they wanted growing tension between the monarch and parliament o one of the reasons for the Civil War break out – January 1642 – leaders of opposition (arrest); orders soldiers to arrest 5 leaders (they were warned and fled so king was humiliated) – attempt to suppress the opposition o another reason were Catholic leanings of the king: Henrietta (wife) – she was French and Catholic Charles was friends with Archbishop of Canterbury – William Laud Charles too leaning to Catholic Irish people wanted to reform Scotland which they didn’t like – Reform of the Kirk of Scotland o parliament opposed the king also because he imposed extraordinary taxes without (asking for) their approval (against Magna Carta) o August 1642 – the Civil War broke out result of growing political tension only proper civil war in English history STAGES OF THE CIVIL WAR:  STAGE 1 or 1ST CIVIL WAR ▪ 1642-1646 – the 1st Civil War ▪ estimated death of 5% of population ▪ Cavaliers (Royalists) vs. Roundheads (Parliament supporters) over control of the country ▪ central part (England and Wales) supported the king, while Scotland and South East – the Parliament ▪ 1645 – Battle of Naseby ❖ a breakthrough in the war ❖ before the battle chances of each side winning was 50-50 ❖ after that battle, Roundheads more and more successful ▪ by 1647, Charles I prisoner of Parliament on the Isle of Whight (mostly around one year)  STAGE 2 or 2ND CIVIL WAR ▪ 1648 – Charles I allied with the Scots and began the 2nd Civil War ▪ Charles tired to exploit divisions within Parliament and the country, Royalists’ uprisings unsuccessful ▪ king’s enemies more and more impatient ▪ late 1648 – Oliver Cromwell and some others staged an army coup (zamach stanu) ▪ Parliament members who were pro-Royalist or were opting for negotiations with king were blocked from entering Parliament, expelled from House of Commons  ▪ the Rump Parliament – most radical enemies of the king (the members of Parliament who were against negotiations and for putting the king on trial) made a court  THE REGICIDE (DURING 2ND CIVIL WAR) ▪ the court came out with a charge for king; he was accused of being “a tyrant, traitor, murderer and a public and implacable enemy to the commonwealth of England” ▪ they put the king on formal trial ❖ throughout the trial, Charles I refused to answer questions as he considered the trial illegal ▪ the trial was just a formality, a “show trial” as the outcome of it was a foregone conclusion ❖ 2nd Stuart was guilty of attempting to ‘uphold in himself an unlimited and tyrannical power to rule according to his will, and to overthrow the rights and liberties of the people’ ▪ King Charles I was sentenced to death – it was the 1st and only time it happened to a king in British history ▪ Parliamentarian victories solidified their control ▪ 30th January 1649 – day of the Regicide ❖ Regicide – killing of the king ❖ Charles’ head was cut off – dead silence accompanied the event ❖ some people considered him a martyr ▪ the Regicide ended the 2nd Civil War  ENGLISH COMMONWEALTH or ENGLISH INTERREGNUM ▪ The Commonwealth was established after the Regicide, as England was proclaimed republic, abolition of monarchy ▪ 1649 – 1653 ▪ The Commonwealth was ruled by the Rump Parliament and later by various political and military leaders ▪ with The Commonwealth there came abolition of freedom of faith and Royalists’ belongings were confiscated and sold ▪ European rulers didn’t really react, only Tsar of Russia cut off ties with England; others were waiting not to offend the new government and soon the friendships came back  ▪the time of Commonwealth was a time of political instability with different factions fighting for power, but in general it was republican form of government  STAGE 3 or 3RD CIVIL WAR ▪ 1649 – 1651 the 3rd Civil War ▪ Prince Charles (later Charles II, from Scotland Stuarts) after his father’s execution, fled to France ▪ while in France, Charles II claimed the throne of England but he was not recognized as a king, he sought support ▪ 1649 - Ireland proclaimed Charles II king, rejecting the new Commonwealth government ❖ the leader of the Commonwealth – Oliver Cromwell, responded by landing in Ireland with an army of 30,000 troops to supress the rebellion ❖ the same year, Cromwell’s forces were involved in the Drogheda and Wexford massacres, where thousands were killed ❖ these two events are considered war crimes ❖ because of that, Cromwell is perceived as a villain in British history ▪ after Ireland, Scotland also proclaimed him a king in 1650; the same year, Charles II moved there and not long after (January 1651) he was crowned king (the last coronation in Scotland) ❖ in response to the proclamation, Cromwell send his forces to Scotland (in 1650) ❖ 1650 – Battle of Dunbar Scots were defeated by Cromwell’s army Royalist forces weakened ❖ 1651 – Charles II’s invasion of England ❖ 3rd September 1651 – Battle of Worcester decisive defeat for the Royalists ▪ Charles II went into exile (back to France) ▪ with Charles II in exile and his forces defeated, the Royalist cause was effectively crushed ▪ end of the 3rd Civil War & overall end of the Civil War ▪ Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector in the Commonwealth ➔ Protectorate (1653 – 1658)  o Commonwealth failed to provide stable governance o 1653 – Oliver Cromwell dissolved the Rump Parliament and took control o Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland o he established the Protectorate o period of military dictatorship with Cromwell trying to maintain appearance of republican government o 1658 – end of the Protectorate with Cromwell’s death his son, Richard, succeeded him briefly but unable to maintain control he resigned ➔ Oliver Cromwell o 1st to sign Death Warrant o he was “a king in all but name” he didn’t want a crown  lived in royal palaces  travelled in royal coaches  wore royal robes  first name signing of documents (designated for monarchs) o he is a symbol of rebellion and process of parliament growing power and importance o after his death (on 3rd September) – his son new Lord Protector (similar to monarchy) – Richard wasn’t a born leader, not a soldier, he resigned after several months o after that a period of anarchy o finally they invited, Charles II to become a king and England became a monarchy again ➔ Why didn’t English want their country to be a commonwealth? Why did they prefer monarchy? o most natural was monarchy o government associated with confiscation, violence and military rule o people tired of constant politic experiments o 1660 – Restoration of British monarchy after several years of political instability and failure to establish lasting republican government, Parliament invited Charles II to return from exile in France and take the throne (restoration of Stuart dynasty at the English throne) relationship monarchy-Parliament was redefined; Parliament became more powerful and Charles II had to work with it without fully controlling it with monarchy back relative stability and cultural flourishing began in England  the Restoration marked the beginning of a new phase of constitutional development, as the monarchy would never regain the absolute power it once had before the Civil War ➔ Charles II o made a promise to forgive all crimes during the Civil War with 59 exceptions (ppl who signed Death Warrant); even people who already died were put on trial and sentenced and decapitated – bodies were also (like Cromwell’s) o Merry Monarch o 1679 - Habeas Corpus Act (protected individuals against arbitrary imprisonment) English constitution consists of many documents, one of which is the Habeas Corpus Act o emerges of political parties The Tories (Conservatives) royalists now Labour Party The Whigs (Liberals) “parliamentarians” divisions more visible, not official parties o outbreak of the Great Plague (in London mostly) 100 thousand of 5 million people died in 1665 o 1666 – The Great Fire of London ¾ of London destroyed in fire over 13 thousand houses burnt luckily very few people died Christopher Wren – chief architect in redesigning London after the fire; he proposed a grand, modern-city plan which wasn’t implemented at the most part but still he played a leading role in rebuilding many of the destroyed churches o king interested in science and technology he helped start The Royal Society for Improving Natural Knowledge Newton became a member of the society ➔ James II o 1685 – 1688 o 4th Stuart king o as Charles didn’t have any legal heir, his brother – James II – took over the throne o first and last Catholic king since Tudor era, but he promised not to make England Catholic (and he kept his promise for a while, but then started to expand royal power and promote Catholicism) o twice married 1st wife: 2 daughters 2nd wife (Catholic, Italian: son)  o one of his daughters – Mary was invited by people to dethrone her father and become queen (because James II attempts to catholicize England) o The Glorious Revolution 1688 – 1689 the name because it was largely bloodless and resulted in the establishment of a constitutional monarchy resulted in dethroning James II William III of Orange and Mary II Stuart replaced him as England’s rulers – parliament offered the throne to them the revolution strengthened Parliamentary power over the monarchy, confirmed Protestant dominance in England and laid foundation for modern democracy and constitutional governance Wykład 7 ➔ William III of Orange and Mary II Stuart both crowned o 1689 – parliament passed an act; the moment of birth of parliamentary- monarchy The Bill of Rights – still important to this day  free elections  limited power of royalty  regular parliaments  freedom of speech within parliament o James II didn’t give up France -> Ireland to fight for his crown defeated: Battle of Boyne - 1690 James moved back to France o the Act of Settlement 1701 – IMPORTANT to ensure a Protestant succession to the English throne Roman-Catholics and people married to Catholics couldn’t be heirs to the throne o William and Mary died childless ➔ Queen Anne o 1702 – 1714 o she was the closest Protestant relative of Mary (her little sister) o the last Stuart monarch o during her reign – full union with Scotland 1707 – Parliamentary Union with Scotland  Scots were in debt ▪ the Darien Scheme – plan to create a Scottish colony in today Panama, which failed  ▪ English offered that for closer union, they would help with the financial problems of Scots, the offer was accepted 1st May 1707 – Scottish Parliament stopped existing  they voted that  Scotland lost independence  official birth of Great Britain o 1714 – according to the Act of Settlement, Anne’s younger brother couldn’t get the crown after her as he was a Catholic HANOVERIANS ➔ George I Hanover o 54 years old monarch from The House of Hanover o thought to be stupid and lazy (he never learnt English what had significant political consequences) o he spent most of the time in Hanover o died from stroke in 1727 o 1715 The First Jacobite Rebellion James Edward Stuart – the Old Pretender 27 y/o in Scotland he was proclaimed king, which was short lived people tried to make James a king instead of George I he married Maria Sobieska (granddaughter of Jan III Sobieski) o Why was it important that George I didn’t speak English? Robert Walpole – the first “de facto” Prime Minister George stopped attending the meetings of Ministers (as he didn’t understand what was said), gave Robert his “power” and that given power never returned to British monarch residency given by George II to Robert Walpole – 10 Downing Street in London ➔ George II Hanover o 1727 – 1760 o not intelligent as his father o kind of neurotic o he died on “water closet” (sitting on toilet) o 1745 - 2nd Jacobite Rebellion - Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie – ‘Bonnie – handsome in Scottish’) – the Young Pretender son of Maria Sobieska travelled to Scotland and proclaimed himself as king, successful army of Scots but all of a sudden they turned back 1746 – the Battle of Culloden  Jacobite army defeated – end of Stuart calls for crown  o As a penalty after Culloden – the last land battle in England Scots were banned from possessing any weapons clan chiefs lost their judicial power over the clansmen Scottish significant parts of culture were banned Scottish culture lived by the works of some notable names:  Robert Burnes – then wrote his national poems, similar to Polish Mickiewicz  Samuel Johnson - wrote a dictionary of the English language – 1755 – not the first dictionary, more detailed though, 10 thousand words included, all words in regular use (not only the hardest) ➔ George III Hanover o 1760 – 1820 o Mad King George o he suffered from porphyria (temporary blindness and (not temporary) insanity) o Farmer George (his nickname) - genuinely interested in farming, agriculture o George IV Regent Prince before being a king - Regency 1810 – 1820 o great cultural expansion of England o rivalry with France of being “overlord” o Seven Years War 1756 - 1763 British victory spectacular expansion of Britain territory during George III reign British Empire was born – Britain became the leading colonial power Treaty of Paris (1763) ending the Seven Years War with France Canada, territories between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi river, a few islands of the West Indies, and India Rule, Britannia! Britannia, rule the waves!/Britons never, never, never will be slaves o James Cook – sent by George III to the mysterious land – “Australia” – to claim territories for George III 1770 Terra Australis Incognita = Unknown Southern Land 16 years later, parliament decided to use Australia as a prison for about 100 years  many convicts stayed good thing for Britain, especially when gold was discovered bad thing for Aboriginal Australians – 90% of their population were killed by European diseases o 13 colonies  attempts to exert more control in form of higher taxation  no taxation without representation demand rejected Americans formed Congress 1776 – Declaration of Independence 1783 – American Independence recognized by Britain George III heartbroken – considered abdicating after detachment of colonies o Great Britain vs. Napoleon Admiral Horatio Nelson – defeated Napoleon at Cape of Trafalgar in 1805 – admiral died during the battle Arthur Wellsley, the Duke of Wellington  he was in charge of Waterloo brigade  Waterloo 1815  from his title comes the name Wellington boots (kalosze) – symbolic the Green Wellie Brigade o change in Ireland 1801 – The Act of Union passed by Protestants  Catholics had almost no rights The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created  so was the Union Jack ➔ the 1st Industrial Revolution o Agrarian Economy -> Industrial Economy o factories were established o mobilization of people from rural to urban areas o cities came up o it first took over the whole Britain, then it reached other parts of the world – which led to huge economic growth o before the revolution everything was handmade o 1st thing done by machine were cotton textiles o Richard Arkwright – spinning machines powered by water o coal-powered steam engines (Matthew Boulton and James Watt) o steam engine (Matthew Boulton and James Watt) to pump water out of coal mines to weave textiles to harvest wheat to power trains to print newspapers to create electricity o The Railway Age 1st locomotive 1804 – Richard Trevithick  for coal  George Stephenson 1815 – the Rocket  Liverpool – Manchester  the first steam-operated passenger service in the world  people started travelling for pleasure  Brighton, Blackpool, Bath were discovered as tourist destinations o Isambard Kingdom Brunel the most prolific engineer of the Railway Age a hard worker built a lot of railways, one of which being Great Western Railway designed railways, bridges, tunnel Paddington station also designed by him o CONSEQUENCES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION new social classes – working class middle class changed to industrial middle class - people with money were who had factories women started working as factories offered job opportunities to women, so financially they were more independent, what resulted later in suffrage movement (so later – political independence) shift of population from rural to urban areas  mass migrations from the agricultural south to the industrial north  new towns developed: Lancaster, Manchester, Sheffield  population number in some cities from 1801 to 1901 increase about 6 times dramatic changes in everyday life  people were living in physically different environments  people no longer followed the rhythm of the day and seasons  communities broke down  trade unions, friendly societies political changes  before only 3% of population voted – male & wealthiest  changes in electoral system  property tax qualification lowered  new towns given the right to elect their MPs  1832 The Great Reform Act some other inventions and their influence on people’s lives:  John Macadam – tarmac (asphalt)  sewage systems in cities helped reduce the risk of waterborne diseases such as cholera   telephones revolutionized communication  a professional football league possible by railway rapid growth of population since Industrial Revolution o The Industrial Revolution was possible thank to British Empire and it also contributed to its further growth British cotton textile slave trade money used for railways colonies crucial role Wykład 8 VICTORIAN ENGLAND ➔ Queen Victoria o she was the first monarch: to be photographed (from then on more photographs than paintings), to send telegram, to travel by train o she was 18 when she became a queen o 1840 – got married to Albert and adopted his surname o she was the last Hanoverian and first Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1917 – George V (Victoria’s grandson) changed royal surname from German to Windsor o Victoria and her husband had 9 children, even if she hated pregnancy because of pregnancies, she had title and he ruled o 1861 – Prince Consort (never crowned a king) Albert died Victoria devastated, left London and royal duties for almost 10 years  from that she earned a few nicknames: ▪ Widow of Windsor ▪ Her Majesty Mrs Brown – reference to her friend John Brown she was close to  she mourned her husband till the end of her life (she wore black) o 1851 - The Great Exhibition (of technological trade fair) one of the greatest legacies of Prince Albert it took place in the building – The Crystal Palace – constructed from a cast iron frame and panes of glass (temporary building)  protest against cutting down the trees for building this; trees were incorporated into building  the building was destroyed by fire ALBERTOPOLIS – all of the building next to the area where The Great Exhibition took place   the Victoria and Albert Museum  the Science Museum  the Natural History Museum o Victoria eventually returned to public life she was convinced to do so by Benjamin Disraeli (they were friends) o British Empire expanded in her 2nd part of reign Victoria – symbol of British imperialism “The Jewel in the Crown” – India  18th – 19th century – politically influential East India (from Elizabethan era)  English decided that trade with India is not enough, they thought they had a mission of bringing civilisation to India: increasing disrespect for Indian culture – tension between India and England  1857 – 1858 India troops – The Mutiny (rebellion within the army) ▪ 1st war for Indian independence ▪ massacre in India (on English) ▪ rebellion supressed ruthlessly ▪ newspapers were demonizing Indians Never in our time, never probably in any time, came such news upon England as the first full story of the outbreak in India. It came with terrible, not unnatural exaggeration. England was horrified by the stories of wholesale massacres of English women and children; of the most abominable tortures, the most degrading outrages inflicted upon English matrons and maidens.  the establishment of The Raj ▪ East India Company stopped being crucial o Victoria Regina et Imperatrix Victoria was named Empress of India on 1st January 1877  it was propaganda of Benjamin Disraeli ▪ Victoria felt she was just a queen in emperors world, therefore this decision to make her stronger  she loved the title o after the death of John Brown, Victoria started appointing Indian servants Mohammed Abdul Karim – taught her some Hindustani some government officials were worried of him; they unsuccessfully tried to get rid of him o The Suez Canal  Disraeli acquired it from French and Egyptians; it shortened the way to India the acquisition of the canal marks the beginning of rule of Britain in Africa the search of free and safe access of British Empire to India was used a justification for many British actions  this justification was used to justify for further expansion in Africa o Victoria’s soldiers fought all her reign in one part of the world or another o The Crimean War 1853 – 1856 allied with Ottoman Empire and France why? because expansion of Russia towards the Black Sea was “on the way to India” 1st media war Florence Nightingale – nurse, pioneer of modern nursing and hand hygiene  she went to Turkey as a volunteer nurse; her genius reduced number of deaths  she established the 1st British Nursing School o Opium Wars 1839 – 1842, 1856 – 1860 opium was grown in India Chinese government tried to ban drugs, so British sent them an army  Britain captured Hong-Kong after these wars, Britain was one of the most privileged partners in trade with China o Victoria – known as a grandmother of Europe, due to her children or grandchildren being in every country in Europe in some way: she was related to royal houses of Germany, Russia, Sweden, Belgium, Denmark, Romania, Greece, Norway, Spain o Victoria died in 1901 – longest ruling monarch before Elizabeth II