Exercise Physiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of muscle fiber is best suited for short bursts of intense activity, like sprinting?

  • Slow twitch
  • Type 11B (correct)
  • Type 1
  • Type 1A

What is the primary purpose of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

  • Gas exchange
  • Filtering air
  • Producing mucus
  • Transporting air to and from the lungs (correct)

Which of the following energy systems is capable of producing ATP for the longest duration?

  • Anaerobic respiration
  • Aerobic system (correct)
  • Glycolysis
  • ATP-PC system

What is the primary by-product of glycolysis?

<p>Lactic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change marks the onset of the ventilatory threshold?

<p>A significant increase in ventilation rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions primarily affects the respiratory zone of the lungs?

<p>COPD (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these energy systems is NOT considered anaerobic?

<p>Aerobic system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of external respiration?

<p>Gas exchange within the lungs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the atrioventricular (AV) node in the heart?

<p>It transmits the electrical signal from the SA node to the ventricles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of veins?

<p>Transport oxygenated blood throughout the body. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pulmonary circuit?

<p>Transporting deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate?

<p>Cardiac output is the product of stroke volume and heart rate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of protein in the body?

<p>Builds and repairs tissues, including muscle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a low and high glycemic index food?

<p>Low glycemic index foods cause blood sugar to rise slowly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of the Female Athlete Triad?

<p>Disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is most likely to occur due to dehydration?

<p>Decreased blood volume and impaired circulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of chondroblasts in cartilage development?

<p>They produce the cartilage model for future bone. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fracture is characterized by the bone piercing the surrounding skin?

<p>Compound fracture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage of fracture repair?

<p>Formation of blood clot (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes isotonic concentric contractions from eccentric contractions?

<p>Concentric contractions shorten the muscle, while eccentric lengthen it. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In relation to muscle attachment, what role does the origin play?

<p>It is the point fixed to the immovable bone. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the inability of bones to calcify properly?

<p>Rickets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle is characterized by striations and found in the heart?

<p>Cardiac muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle type primarily serves to stabilize the origin of the prime mover during movement?

<p>Fixator (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of tendons in the muscular system?

<p>Attach muscle to bone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction?

<p>Store calcium ions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the muscle cell membrane receives the signal for contraction?

<p>T-tubules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the sliding filament theory primarily describe?

<p>The interaction between actin and myosin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which law states that muscle fibers contract completely or not at all?

<p>All or none law (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which anatomical position are the palms facing forward?

<p>Anatomical position (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During muscle contraction, what happens to the troponin complex?

<p>It changes shape, exposing binding sites (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of muscles listed?

<p>Amino acid synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plane divides the body into upper and lower halves?

<p>Transverse plane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario describes a motor unit?

<p>A single motor neuron and the muscles it stimulates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What movement term describes the action of turning the sole of the foot outward?

<p>Eversion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone is characterized by having no medullary cavity?

<p>Short bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are osteoblasts responsible for?

<p>Bone building (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the axial skeleton?

<p>Forms the main vertical structure of the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the only floating bone in the human body?

<p>Hyoid bone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement is described as moving away from the midline of the body?

<p>Abduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anatomical Position

The anatomical position is a standardized reference point for describing body movements. It involves standing erect with feet facing forward, arms at the sides, palms facing forward, and head facing directly ahead.

Sagittal Plane

A plane that divides the body into right and left halves.

Frontal Plane

A plane that divides the body into front and back halves.

Transverse Plane

A plane that divides the body into upper and lower halves.

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Axial Skeleton

The axial skeleton supports the body's central axis and includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

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Appendicular Skeleton

The appendicular skeleton consists of the limbs and their attachments to the axial skeleton. These include the shoulder and pelvic girdles and the bones of the arms, legs, hands, and feet.

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Long Bones

Long bones are characterized by their elongated tubular shape and are found in the limbs. Examples include the femur and tibia.

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Short Bones

Short bones have a cube-like shape and contain spongy bone. Examples include the carpals and tarsals.

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Prime mover

The muscle primarily responsible for a specific movement.

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Antagonist

The muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover, controlling movement and preventing overstretching.

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Synergists

Muscles that assist the prime mover in performing a movement, adding extra force or stabilizing.

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Fixators

Muscles that stabilize the origin of the prime mover, ensuring a stable base for movement.

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Excitability

The ability of a muscle to respond to a stimulus, such as a nerve impulse.

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Contractibility

The ability of a muscle to generate force and shorten in length when stimulated.

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Extensibility

The ability of a muscle to stretch or lengthen without being damaged.

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Elasticity

The ability of a muscle to return to its original length after stretching.

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Malnutrition

This is a condition where the body is not getting enough of the essential nutrients it needs.

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Cardiac Output

Cardiac output is the amount of blood that is pumped out of the heart in one minute. It's calculated by multiplying stroke volume by heart rate.

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Stroke volume

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle in a single heartbeat.

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Sinoatrial (SA) Node

This node is responsible for initiating the electrical signals that control the heart's rhythm, making it the heart's natural pacemaker.

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Atrioventricular (AV) Node

Located in the heart, the AV node receives electrical signals from the SA node and delays them before passing them down the bundle of His, ensuring efficient blood flow.

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Systolic Pressure

The pressure exerted by the blood against the artery walls when the heart contracts, represented by the 'lub' sound.

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Diastolic Pressure

The pressure exerted by the blood against the artery walls when the heart relaxes, represented by the 'dub' sound.

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Capillaries

These blood vessels are responsible for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and the tissues.

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Energy Systems

The process of converting food into energy that can be used by the body. There are three main systems involved: the ATP-PC system, glycolysis, and the aerobic system.

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ATP-PC System

A high-intensity, short-duration energy system that utilizes creatine phosphate to produce ATP. It's used for activities like sprinting or weight lifting.

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Glycolysis

An anaerobic system that breaks down glucose to produce ATP. This results in lactic acid build-up, leading to fatigue. It is used for activities lasting from 1 to 3 minutes.

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Aerobic System

A long-duration energy system that uses oxygen to produce ATP. It utilizes glucose, glycogen, fats, and proteins for fuel and is used for endurance activities.

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Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers

Muscle fibers that contract slowly and are fatigue-resistant. They are primarily used for endurance activities.

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Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers

Muscle fibers that contract quickly and are better suited for short, intense activities.

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Internal Respiration

The process of gas exchange at the tissue level.

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External Respiration

The process of gas exchange within the lungs.

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Cartilage Model

The process where mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts, forming a cartilage model for future bone.

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Growth of Cartilage Model

Growth of cartilage occurs through chondroblast division, creating more cartilage tissue. The center of the cartilage model contains chondrocytes.

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Calcification of Cartilage

Chondrocytes in the cartilage model die, leaving a scaffold for the formation of bone. This process allows for the replacement of cartilage with bone.

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Formation of Primary Ossification Center

Osteoblasts begin replacing cartilage with bone tissue, forming the primary ossification center within the diaphysis (shaft) of the bone.

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Medullary Cavity

The hollow space within the bone that contains bone marrow, which produces blood cells.

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Formation of Secondary Ossification Center

A secondary ossification center develops in the epiphysis (ends) of the bone, contributing to bone growth and development.

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Epiphyseal Plate

A cartilaginous plate located between the diaphysis and epiphysis that allows for longitudinal bone growth. It eventually ossifies in adulthood, marking the termination of bone growth.

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Fracture Types

A break in the bone that can occur in different ways, including greenstick, compound, simple, spiral, and communicated.

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Fracture Repair

The process of bone repair after a fracture.

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Arthritis

Inflammation of one or more joints, causing pain, stiffness, and swelling. Different forms exist, including osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

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Osteoporosis

A condition characterized by weakened bones, increasing the risk of fractures. It is often associated with aging and hormonal changes.

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Rickets

A condition in children where bones fail to calcify properly due to vitamin D deficiency. This leads to soft and weak bones.

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Patella Formation

The kneecap, a small bone that forms during childhood. It is NOT present at birth.

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Fontanelles

The soft spots on an infant's skull, which allow for the brain to grow and develop.

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Primary vs Secondary Ossification Centers

The diaphysis (shaft) of a bone contains the primary ossification center, while the epiphysis (ends) contain the secondary ossification centers.

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Muscle Cell (Muscle Fiber)

A single muscle cell, responsible for generating force and movement.

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Fascicle

A bundle of muscle fibers, held together by a connective tissue sheath called perimysium.

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Actin

The thin filament in muscle cells, responsible for muscle contraction.

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Myosin

The thick filament in muscle cells, responsible for muscle contraction.

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Muscle Connective Tissue

The connective tissue sheath surrounding individual muscle fibers (endomysium), fascicles (perimysium), and the entire muscle (epimysium).

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Myofibrils

Long, ribbon-like fibers within a muscle cell, responsible for producing muscle contraction.

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Myofilaments

Thread-like proteins within the myofibril, responsible for muscle contraction. Actin and myosin are types of myofilaments.

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Concentric Contraction

A muscle contraction where the muscle shortens, bringing the insertion closer to the origin.

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Eccentric Contraction

A muscle contraction where the muscle lengthens, controlling the movement of the load.

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Isometric Contraction

A muscle contraction where the muscle length remains constant, despite applying force. This occurs when attempting to lift or move an immovable object.

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Origin

The attachment point of a muscle to a stationary bone, which does not move during muscle contraction.

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Insertion

The attachment point of a muscle to a movable bone, which moves during muscle contraction.

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Muscle Action

Muscles can only 'pull' on a bone, they cannot 'push'. Movement occurs when the insertion moves towards the origin.

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Ligament

Tough, fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone, providing stability to joints.

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Tendon

Strong, fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone, transmitting force from the muscle to the bone.

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Muscle Location

The majority of a muscle's mass should be located closer to the joint it crosses, to generate more force.

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Muscle Types

The three main types of muscle tissue in the body, each with unique characteristics.

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Study Notes

Movement Terms

  • Anatomical position: feet forward, palms forward, standing erect
  • Sagittal plane: side-to-side movement; frontal axis
  • Anterior: front
  • Posterior: back
  • Frontal plane: front-to-back movement; sagittal axis
  • Inferior: downward surfaces
  • Superior: upward surfaces
  • Distal: farther from attachment point
  • Proximal: closer to attachment point
  • Superficial: closer to surface of body
  • Deep: further from surface of body
  • Pronation: palms facing inward
  • Supination: palms facing forward
  • Abduction: away from midline
  • Adduction: towards midline
  • Inversion: sole of foot turned inward
  • Eversion: sole of foot turned outward
  • Dorsiflexion: foot turned upward
  • Plantar flexion: foot turned downward
  • Flexion: reducing angle between joints
  • Extension: increasing angle between joints
  • Protraction: shoulders move inward
  • Retraction: shoulders move outward
  • Opposition: thumb touches other fingers
  • Reposition: thumb returns to neutral position
  • Circumduction: combination of movements
  • Medial Rotation: rotation toward the midline
  • Lateral Rotation: rotation away from the midline

Skeletal System

  • Bones are organs
  • Appendicular skeleton: limbs and girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton
  • Axial skeleton: longitudinal axis (vertebral column, sacrum, coccyx, bony thorax, skull)
  • Skull: all joined by immovable joints except jawbone
  • Hyoid bone: only floating bone (not attached to other bones)
  • Vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacrum, 4 coccyx
  • Ribs: true (1-7), false (8-10), floating (11-12)
  • Long bones: e.g., femur; tubular shape with cavity
  • Short bones: no medullary cavity; spongy bone
  • Flat bones: "protective"; large surface area; e.g., cranium
  • Sesamoid bones: embedded in tendons or joints; e.g., patella
  • Irregular bones: specialized shapes; e.g., vertebrae
  • Spongy bone: cancellous; lots of open space
  • Compact bone: cortical; dense; smooth
  • Osteoclasts: break down bone
  • Osteoblasts: build bone
  • Osteocytes: mature bone cells
  • Endochondral ossification: cartilage model develops into bone

Joint Types (and Muscular Systems)

  • Muscle cell = muscle fiber
  • Fascicle: bundle of muscle fibers
  • Actin: thin filament
  • Myosin: thick filament
  • Muscle fiber: endomysium, fascicle: perimysium, muscle: epimysium
  • Myofibrils: long fibers in muscle cells
  • Myofilaments: proteins within myofibrils
  • Concentric contraction: muscle shortens
  • Eccentric contraction: muscle lengthens
  • Isometric contraction: no change in muscle length
  • Origin: attachment to stationary bone
  • Insertion: attachment to moveable bone
  • Ligaments: connect bone to bone
  • Tendons: connect muscle to bone
  • Three muscle types: cardiac (heart), smooth (internal organs), skeletal (movement)

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Test your knowledge on exercise physiology, covering topics such as muscle fiber types, energy systems, and respiratory functions. This quiz will help reinforce key concepts essential for understanding human performance and fitness.

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