Week+3+-+IT+Era.pdf

H I S TO R Y O F COMPUTER Week 2 2 TOPICS o Introduction o Evolution of Computers o Generations of Computers o Classification of Computers o According to Purpose o According to Data Handles o According to Capacity 3 I N T RO D U C T I O N I...

H I S TO R Y O F COMPUTER Week 2 2 TOPICS o Introduction o Evolution of Computers o Generations of Computers o Classification of Computers o According to Purpose o According to Data Handles o According to Capacity 3 I N T RO D U C T I O N In the earliest Computers, initial calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was computers. o These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a mathematical expression. o The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring years of training in mathematics. o The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century. 4 5 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS The evolution of computers has six generations namely: pre-modern era, first, second, third, fourth, and fifth generations. A. Pre-Modern Era There are three classifications of devices that evolved during the pre- modern era namely manual-mechanical devices, electromechanical, and electronic devices. 6 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS Manual-Mechanical Devices are devices that are operated manually by the user. Examples of manual mechanical devices are: Tally Sticks - A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages. 7 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS Abacus - It is also called a counting frame and is considered the first man- made computing device. In fact, it was used for centuries. It uses beads and it was invented in China. 8 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS Napier’s Bones - It is a manually- operated device used for calculating products, quotients, square and cube roots. It was invented by John Napier in 1614. 9 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS Oughtred’s Slide Rule - It is a mechanical analog computer consisting of movable bars with a precise scale that uses approximations for solving problems like multiplication, division, roots, logarithms, and trigonometry. It was invented by William Oughtred. 10 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS Pascaline Calculator - It is also called Adding Machine. It is the first mechanical calculating device that uses cogged wheels that can be used to add and subtract two numbers. It was invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. 11 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS Stepped Reckoner - Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672. The machine can add, subtract, multiply, and divide automatically. 12 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS Babbage’s Difference and Analytical Engines - These engines embodied most of the design of modern computers. The Difference engine can compute tables and the Analytical engine is completely automatic and is capable of calculating any mathematical problems. It was invented by Charles Babbage. 13 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS Arithmometer - A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820, The first reliable, useful, and commercially successful calculating machine. The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions. The first mass- produced calculating machine. 14 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS Electronic Devices. The principal components of electronic devices are circuit boards, transistors, or silicon chips, and use electrical switches and circuitry instead of mechanical relays. Examples of electronic devices are: ABC (Atanasoff-Berry-Computer) - The first special-purpose digital computer that solves simultaneous equations. It was developed by John Atanasoff. 15 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) - The first fully electronic general-purpose digital computer ever completed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. 16 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC). It is also known as an Electronic Binary Digital computer that uses a binary representation of data and internally stored programs; the first full-size stored-program computer, built at the University of Cambridge, England by Maurice Wilkes and others to provide a formal computing service for users. EDSAC was built according to the von Neumann machine principles. 17 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) 18 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS B. First Generation Computers (1951-1958) The size of computers during the first generation computers are mainframes. The major hardware features are vacuum tubes and magnetic drums and the processing speed is 1,000 instructions per second. 19 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS One example of the computer during this generation is Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC). It is the first commercial business computer and was developed by John Eckert and John Mauchly. Another example is IBM 701 which is the first generation IBM computers. The most popular 1st generation computer is IBM 650. 20 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS C. Second Generation Computers (1959-1963) The major hardware features of second-generation computers are transistors and magnetic cores. Its processing speed is 1,000,000 instructions per second and the size is mainframe. 21 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS TRADIC is one example of a second- generation computer. It is the first transistorized computer. More examples of second-generation computers are UNIVAC II, IBM 7070, 7090, and 1400 series. 22 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS D. Third Generation Computers (1964-1970) During the third generation, minicomputers already became available. The major hardware features are integrated circuits or “chips” and the processing speed is 10,000,000 instructions per second. 23 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS One example of third generation computer is IBM System 360. It is the first general-purpose machine used in science and business. 24 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS E. Fourth Generation Computers (1971-present) The fourth generation started in 1971 up to the present. The size of a computer varies from mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers. The major hardware features are microprocessors or large-scale integrated circuits. The minimum processing speed is 100,000,000 instructions per second. As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. 25 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS Fourth-generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse, and handheld devices. 26 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS F. Fifth Generation Computers (Present-Future) Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Still in development. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. There are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. 27 C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S The computers can be classified according to purpose, according to data handled, and according to capacity. 28 C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S According to Purpose General-purpose computers have the ability to store different programs of instruction and thus, perform a variety of operations. Examples of general- purpose computers are personal computers, laptops, and tablets. 29 C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S Digital Computers refer to machines that specialize in counting. It operates by counting values that are discrete, or separate and distinct. 30 C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S Analog Computers. The name analog comes from the word “analogous” meaning similar. Analog computers are used for scientific, engineering, and process control purposes. They deal with quantities that are continuously variable. One example is the analog speedometer in an automobile. 31 C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S Hybrid Computers. Although both analog and digital computers are extremely used in widely accepted in various industries, manufacturers designed a computer that combines the best features of both types. This special-purpose machine called a hybrid computer combines the measuring capabilities of the analog computer and the logical and control capabilities of the digital computer. It offers an efficient and economical method of working out special types of problems in science and various areas of engineering. Some Hybrid machines contain special equipment to convert analog voltages into digital voltages, and vice-versa. 32 C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S 33 C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S According to Capacity Supercomputers - These are arguably the most powerful in terms of speed and accuracy. They are types of computers used in solving complex mathematical computations. They are capable of executing trillions of instructions per second, which is calculated in floating point operations per second (FLOPS). 34 C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S Mainframe computers - are large-sized computer types. They are equally powerful but fall short in terms of the computation ability in supercomputers. They are like big file servers, enabling multiple users from nearby and remote locations to access resources at the same time. Also known as big iron, these systems can handle massive amounts of data going in and out simultaneously. This makes them popular with businesses. 35 C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S 36 C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S Minicomputers - are general-purpose devices without the monumental expenses associated with a larger system. Their processing power is below that of mainframe systems but above the capabilities of personal computers. Also known as mid-range computers, these became popular in the late 1960s but have become almost extinct because of the popularity of personal computers. The latter can now perform most of the tasks reserved for minis. 37 C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S 38 C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S Microcomputers are the smallest, least expensive, and most used types of computers. They have small memories, less processing power, are physically smaller, and permit fewer peripherals compared to super and mainframe computers. They are more commonly known as personal computers or simply PCs. The term was initially used to refer to IBM-compatible computers. 39 C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S T H A N K YO U