AIU Introduction to Pathology 2024 PDF

By: Dr. Maram Allam Lecturer in Pathology Department Alexandria Faculty of Medicine  The word pathology is derived from two Greek words- “pathos” meaning suffering and “logos” meaning study. Thus, pathology is the scientific study of diseases i.e. it is the study of abnormal form and fun...

By: Dr. Maram Allam Lecturer in Pathology Department Alexandria Faculty of Medicine  The word pathology is derived from two Greek words- “pathos” meaning suffering and “logos” meaning study. Thus, pathology is the scientific study of diseases i.e. it is the study of abnormal form and function and the relationship between them.  Health : (WHO) -Complete physical, mental and social well being and not just the absence of disease. Disease : -Any variation in the structure and /or function of the body outside the normal range.  Pathology as a discipline also includes diagnostic laboratory work by examining surgical specimens to reach a proper diagnosis and hence play an important role in management of the disease  Studying pathology answers the following questions Why? The causes How? Mechanisms by which the disease is produced What happens? Description of the changes that produce manifestations of the disease What next? The progress and sequels of the disease. 1- Definition of the disease and its categorization 2- Etiology (Its cause). 3- Pathogenesis ( Mechanism of development). 4- Morphologic changes (gross and microscopic pictures). 5- Functional derangement (clinical significance of the disease).  Disease processes can be broadly classified into: – Cell injury – Inflammation (acute and chronic) – Infection – Hemodynamic changes (Edema, hemorrhage, infarction, thrombosis , embolism ) – Metabolic disease – Ageing – Neoplasia (tumors) 1- Definition of the disease and its categorization 2- Etiology (Its cause). 3- Pathogenesis ( Mechanism of development). 4- Morphologic changes (gross and microscopic pictures). 5- Functional derangement (clinical significance of the disease). 1.Physical. 2.Chemical. 3.Nutritional. 4.Infectious. 5.Immunologic 6.Psycological. 1- Definition of the disease and its categorization 2- Etiology (Its cause). 3- Pathogenesis ( Mechanism of development). 4- Morphologic changes (gross and microscopic pictures). 5- Functional derangement (clinical significance of the disease). Mechanism by leads to disease which the without any causative agent treatment. 1- Definition of the disease and its categorization 2- Etiology (Its cause). 3- Pathogenesis ( Mechanism of development). 4- Morphologic changes (gross and microscopic pictures). 5- Functional derangement (clinical significance of the disease).  Gross examination: is concerned with the naked eye appearance of the specimen. Microscopic examination: 1- Definition of the disease and its categorization 2- Etiology (Its cause). 3- Pathogenesis ( Mechanism of development). 4- Morphologic changes (gross and microscopic pictures). 5- Functional derangement (clinical significance of the disease).  The morphologic changes in the organ lead to functional changes in the tissue that in turn determine the clinical features (symptoms and signs), course, and prognosis of the disease. Symptoms : - Subjective complaints of the patient e.g. pain , vomiting. Signs : - Objective findings noticed by the physician on examination of the patient. e.g. tenderness, edema.  Onset: the mode of start of the disease might be sudden (acute) or gradual (chronic). Prognosis: The prediction of the outcome of the disease whether good or bad. Fate: The outcome of the disease either cure or complications. Complications: Severe changes which may occur during or after the usual course of the disease.  General pathology: -The study of the basic principles or fundamentals of the disease. Systemic pathology: -The study of a particular disease process in individual organ or system.