Introduction To Pathology 2024-2025 Lecture Notes PDF

Introduction To Pathology 2024-2025 Consultant Professor Liwaa Hussein...

Introduction To Pathology 2024-2025 Consultant Professor Liwaa Hussein Mahdi Saturday September 21, 2024 1 alkafeel.e info@alkafeel.  GOAL S of PATHOLOGY for MEDICAL STUDENTS Be able to understand and analyze the relationship between pathologic changes and clinical manifestations. Be able to take a clinical history and order tests logically. Be able to develop a correct diagnosis. Be able to communicate with professionals and patients. alkafeel.e info@alkafeel.  pathology The word pathology came from Greek words. (pathos) = (suffering) (logos) = (study) Pathology is scientific study of structure and function of the body in disease. It deals with causes , effects ,mechanisms and nature of disease. alkafeel.e info@alkafeel.  Pathology involves Etiology (causes of diseases , Why?) Pathogenesis (mechanisms, How?) Pathological changes (lesions, What?) Morphological changes (anatomical pathology) Functional changes (pathophysiology) Clinical manifestations (signs and symptoms) Sequels (healing, complications, death) alkafeel.e info@alkafeel. alkafeel.e info@alkafeel.  Pathology mean the study of the mechanisms of disease and aetiology (causes and pathogenesis) Pathogenesis: is sequence of events from the initial stimulus to the full expression of the disease. alkafeel.e info@alkafeel.  Since pathology is the study of disease Then What is disease? alkafeel.e info@alkafeel.  Disease is opposite of Health Lesions: Are the characteristic changes in tissues and cells produced by disease in an individual. alkafeel.e info@alkafeel.  The concept of disease Change with Hypertrophy /hyperplasia adaptation Atrophy Environmenta Metaplasia Lesion l factors Structural Cell change Tissue Inability Injury Signs Organ to adapt Death Functional change Symptoms Genetic factors  The general main causes of disease i ii Congenital Diseases Acquired Diseases Inflammation: Hemodynamic Growth appendicitis, TB disorder : shock, MI disorders Injury, disordered repair: Neoplasia: lung CA Genetic Non genetic fracture, aspirin induced PU Non neoplastic: BPH Inherited : Environmental : rubella Immune disorder: cystic fibrosis assoc. malformation Metabolic AIDS, Graves’ disease disorders: DM Spontaneous : Accidental : cerebral Down’s syndrome Degeneration: palsy ~ birth hypoxia osteoarthritis * Familial diseases * Abnormal Growth & Development Cushing’s syndrome ~ steroids Iatrogenic disease Aplastic anemia ~ chloramphenicol  Etiol ogy S.aur Smoking , HBV Polycyclic eus AHC Pathoge nesis Acute Immune inflamma Genetic reaction to Increased renin tion mutationvirus infected production cells Morphol ogical and Boil Cirrhosis function Lung High BP al cancer Complica features tions & sequelae Septice Metastasi Liver Cerebral failure hemorrhage  Incidence: is a measure of the risk of developing some new condition within a specified period of time. Prevalence: Is the total number of cases of disease ((the old(already registered) and the new cases))existing in a population within a specified period of time.perioof Etiology: is the study of causation. The word "etiology" is mainly used in medicine, where it is the science that deals with the causes or origin of disease, the factors which produce or predispose toward a certain disease or disorder. alkafeel.e info@alkafeel.  Classification of Diseases 1- Congenital 2- Acquired - inflammatory: Appendicitis. - vascular : Thrombosis. - growth disorder: Acromegaly - metabolic: Diabetes Mellitus - degenerative: Osteoarthritis - drug induced: Urticaria - infective: Cholera alkafeel.e info@alkafeel.  A sign is an objective indication of some medical fact or quality that is detected by a physician during a physical examination of a patient. A symptom is a departure from normal function or feeling which is noticed by a patient, indicating the presence of disease or abnormality. A symptom is subjective, observed by the patient, and not measured. alkafeel.e info@alkafeel.  Prognosis Is a medical term denoting the doctor's prediction of how a patient's disease will progress, and whether there is a chance of recovery. Or : Expected outcome of the disease, It is the clinician's estimate of the severity and possible result of a disease. This word is often used in medical reports dictating a doctor's view on a case. alkafeel.e info@alkafeel.  Subdivision of pathology Human pathology is the largest branch of pathology. It is divided into : 1- general pathology. 2- systemic pathology. alkafeel.e info@alkafeel.  1- general pathology: Dealing with general principles of disease. 2- systemic pathology: Study of specific diseases for organs and body system. alkafeel.e info@alkafeel.  General Pathology It explores and explains the development of basic pathologic mechanisms: Introduction to pathology Inflammation, repair and regeneration, Cell injury, degenerations and infiltrations. Hemodynamic (circulatory) disorders. Growth disorders and neoplasia. Environmental and Nutritional pathology. Pediatric Pathology. alkafeel.e info@alkafeel.  Systemic Pathology The pathologic mechanisms are related to various organ systems: Cardiovascular System Respiratory System Alimentary System Hepatobiliary System and Pancreas Urinary System Genital System Lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue Central nervous system Orthopedic system Dermatopathology alkafeel.e info@alkafeel.  Histopathology Is the classic methods of diseases study and still the most useful one. It is the diagnosis and study of diseases of tissues and involves examining tissues and/or cells under a microscope. Histopathologist is responsible for making tissue diagnoses and helping clinicians manage a patient's care. alkafeel.e info@alkafeel.  Biopsies: is the process of taking a sample of living tissue for examination. Many different types of tissue can be biopsied, including skin, bone, organs and other soft tissues. - Core needle biopsy - Endoscopic biopsy - Incisional biopsy - Excisional biopsy - Organ resection alkafeel.e info@alkafeel.  Subdivision of Histopathology 1- Surgical pathology: Deals with the study of tissues removed from the living body. 2- Forensic pathology and Autopsy work: The study of organs and tissues removed at postmortem. alkafeel.e info@alkafeel.  Hematopathology : Deals with the diseases of blood. Molecular pathology : Deals with detection and diagnosis of abnormalities at the level of DNA of the cell. ** Cytopathology: alkafeel.e info@alkafeel.   An autopsy,  also known as a post-mortem examination or necropsy  is a procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a dead body to determine the cause and manner of death and to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present. Autopsies are either performed for legal or medical purposes.  A forensic autopsy is carried out when the cause of death may be a criminal matter  Clinical or academic autopsy is performed to find the medical cause of death and is used in cases of unknown or uncertain death, or for research purposes. alkafeel.e info@alkafeel.  Techniques for the study of surgical pathology Is the classic method of tissue diagnosis made on gross(Macroscopic) and Microscopic study of tissues. The more commonly used advanced techniques include immunohistochemistry (IHC) Immunocytochemistry(ICC),Electron Microscopy(EM), in situ hybridization (ISH), polymerase chain reaction assay (PCR), and tissue microarrays. alkafeel.e info@alkafeel.  Techniques of Pathology Biochemic al Microbiolo gical Hematolog ical alkafeel.e info@alkafeel. Cell/ tissue  ANY QUESTIO NS? 2 alkafeel.e info@alkafeel. Tuesday, August 24, 2021 7  Thank you for Listing 2 alkafeel.e info@alkafeel. Tuesday, August 24, 2021 8