Reproductive System LAB PDF

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Cyruz H. Estacio, RMT, ASCPI

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reproductive system human anatomy biology human physiology

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This document provides a detailed explanation of the male and female reproductive systems, covering anatomy, functions, and processes such as spermatogenesis, oogenesis, and the menstrual cycle. It's a good resource for high school or undergraduate biology students learning about the human body.

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Reproductive System HAPP111- LABORATORY CLASS CYRUZ H. ESTACIO, RMT, ASCPI ❖ GONADS ❑GONADS PRODUCE SEX CELLS/ GAMETES AND SECRETE SEX HORMONES. FEMALE GONADS (OVARIES) –PRODUCE EGG CELLS. MALE GONADS (TESTES) – PRODUCE SPERM CELLS. ANATOMY OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ❑ TEST...

Reproductive System HAPP111- LABORATORY CLASS CYRUZ H. ESTACIO, RMT, ASCPI ❖ GONADS ❑GONADS PRODUCE SEX CELLS/ GAMETES AND SECRETE SEX HORMONES. FEMALE GONADS (OVARIES) –PRODUCE EGG CELLS. MALE GONADS (TESTES) – PRODUCE SPERM CELLS. ANATOMY OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ❑ TESTES PRIMARY REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN OF MALE HAS EXOCRINE AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTION GOLF BALL-SIZED MALE GONAD APPROX. 4 CM LONG AND 2.5 CM WIDE AND IS CONNECTED TO THE TRUNK VIA SPERMATIC CORD. SPERMATIC CORD – CONNECTIVE TISSUE SHEATH THAT ENCLOSES BLOOD VESSELS, NERVES, AND THE DUCTUS DEFERENS. TUNICA ALBUGINEA - A FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE CAPSULE, “WHITE COAT” SURROUNDS EACH TESTIS. SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES – “SPERM-FORMING FACTORIES”. ❑ DUCT SYSTEM ACCESSORY ORGANS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. EPIDIDYMIS – HIGHLY CONVOLUTED TUBE THAT HUGS THE POSTERIOR SIDE OF THE TESTIS; TEMPORARY STORAGE SITE FOR THE IMMATURE SPERM. DUCTUS DEFERENS /VAS DEFERENS- RUNS UPWARD FROM THE EPIDIDYMIS VIA THE SPERMATIC CORD; PROPEL LIVE SPERM FROM THEIR STORAGE SITES URETHRA – TERMINAL PART OF THE MALE DUCT SYSTEM; EXTENDS FROM THE BASE OF THE URINARY BLADDER TO THE TIP OF THE PENIS; CARRIES BOTH URINE AND SPERM TO THE BODY EXTERIOR. THREE REGIONS OF URETHRA PROSTATIC URETHRA – SURROUNDED BY THE PROSTATE GLAND. MEMBRANOUS URETHRA – SPANNING THE DISTANCE FROM PROSTATIC URETHRA TO THE PENIS. SPONGY (PENILE) URETHRA - RUNNING WITHIN THE LENGTH OF THE PENIS AND OPENING TO THE BODY EXTERIOR VIA THE EXTERNAL URETHRAL ORIFICE. ACCESSORY GLANDS AND SEMEN SEMINAL VESICLES – LOCATED AT THE BASE OF THE BLADDER. PRODUCE ABOUT 60% OF SEMINAL FLUID, THE FLUID PORTION OF SEMEN. PROSTATE - A SINGLE DOUGHNUT-SHAPED GLAND ABOUT THE SIZE OF A PEACH PIT. IT ENCIRCLES THE UPPER (PROSTATIC) PART OF THE URETHRA JUST INFERIOR TO THE URINARY BLADDER. PROSTATE FLUID – MILKY AND PLAYS A ROLE IN ACTIVATING SPERM. BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS – ARE TINY, PEA-SIZED GLANDS INFERIOR TO THE PROSTATE GLAND. THEY PRODUCE A THICK, CLEAR MUCUS THAT DRAINS INTO THE PENILE URETHRA. IT CLEANSES THE URETHRA OF TRACE ACIDIC URINE PRIOR TO EJACULATION, AND IT SERVES AS A LUBRICANT DURING SEXUAL INTERCOURSE. SEMEN - A MILKY WHITE, SOMEWHAT STICKY MIXTURE OF SPERM AND ACCESSORY GLAND SECRETIONS. EXTERNAL GENITALIA SCROTUM – ISA DIVIDED SAC OF SKIN WITH SPARSE HAIRS THAT HANGS OUTSIDE THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY, BETWEEN THE LEGS AT THE ROOT OF THE PENIS. PENIS – FUNCTIONS TO DELIVER SPERM INTO THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT. SHAFT – BODY OF THE PENIS GLANS PENIS – ENLARGED TIP OF THE PENIS PREPUCE/ FORESKIN – LOOSE SKIN AROUND THE PROXIMAL END OF THE GLANS PENIS - THIS CAN BE SURGICALLY REMOVED THROUGH CIRCUMCISION. MALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS SPERMATOGENESIS COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE SPERM PRODUCTION. BEGINS AT PUBERTY IN SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES IN RESPONSE TO FSH. SPERMATOGENESIS INVOLVES MEIOSIS, A SPECIAL NUCLEAR DIVISION THAT HALVES THE CHROMOSOMAL NUMBER IN RESULTING SPERMATIDS. AN ADDITIONAL PROCESS THAT STRIPS EXCESS CYTOPLASM FROM THE SPERMATID, CALLED SPERMIOGENESIS, IS NECESSARY FOR PRODUCTION OF FUNCTIONAL, MOTILE SPERM. MATURE SPERM HAS 3 REGIONS: HEAD, MIDPIECE, AND TAIL. SPERM HEAD IS THE NUCLEUS AND CONTAINS COMPACTED DNA, THE GENETIC MATERIAL. ACROSOME – HELMETLIKE STRUCTURE ANTERIOR TO THE NUCLEUS, WHICH IS PRODUCED BY THE GOLGI APPARATUS AND IS SIMILAR TO A LARGE LYSOSOME. TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION THE MOST IMPORTANT HORMONAL PRODUCT OF THE TESTES. TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION BEGINS AT PUBERTY IN RESPONSE TO LH. IT IS PRODUCED BY INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF THE TESTES. TESTOSTERONE CAUSES THE APPEARANCE OF MALE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS AND IS NECESSARY FOR SPERM MATURATION. ANATOMY OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MORE COMPLEX THAN THAT OF THE MALE. NOT ONLY MUST SHE PRODUCE THE FEMALE GAMETES (OVA), BUT HER BODY MUST ALSO NURTURE AND PROTECT A DEVELOPING FETUS DURING 9 MONTHS OF PREGNANCY. ❑ OVARIES PRIMARY FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. HAS EXOCRINE AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS. OVARIAN FOLLICLES – TINY SACLIKE STRUCTURES IN THE OVARIES. OOCYTE –IMMATURE EGG, SURROUNDED BY FOLLICLE CELLS. AS A DEVELOPING EGG WITHIN A FOLLICLE BEGINS TO RIPEN OR MATURE, THE FOLLICLE ENLARGES AND DEVELOPS A FLUID-FILLED CENTRAL REGION CALLED AN ANTRUM. AT THIS STAGE, THE FOLLICLE, CALLED A VESICULAR FOLLICLE OR GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE, IS MATURE, AND THE DEVELOPING EGG IS READY TO BE EJECTED FROM THE OVARY, AN EVENT CALLED OVULATION. AFTER OVULATION, THE RUPTURED FOLLICLE IS TRANSFORMED INTO A VERY DIFFERENT-LOOKING STRUCTURE CALLED A CORPUS LUTEUM, WHICH EVENTUALLY DEGENERATES. OVULATION GENERALLY OCCURS EVERY 28 DAYS. ❑ DUCT SYSTEM: UTERINE TUBES UTERINE TUBES – AKA FALLOPIAN TUBES; APPROX. 10CM (4 INCHES) LONG AND EXTENDS MEDIALLY FROM AN OVARY TO EMPTY INTO THE SUPERIOR REGION OF THE UTERUS. THESE RECEIVE THE OVULATED OOCYTE AND PROVIDE A SITE WHERE FERTILIZATION CAN OCCUR. INFUNDIBULUM – FUNNEL-SHAPE LOCATED AT THE DISTAL END OF EACH UTERINE TUBE. FIMBRIAE – FINGERLIKE PROJECTIONS THAT PARTIALLY SURROUND THE OVARY. ENDS FORM FRINGED FIMBRIAE THAT “WAVE” TO DIRECT OVULATED OOCYTES INTO UTERINE TUBES. THESE TUBES THEN CONDUCT THE OOCYTE (OR EMBRYO) TO THE UTERUS BY PERISTALSIS AND CILIARY ACTION. ❑ DUCT SYSTEM: UTERUS ALSO CALLED AS THE WOMB. LOCATED IN THE PELVIS BETWEEN THE URINARY BLADDER AND RECTUM, IS A HOLLOW ORGAN THAT FUNCTIONS TO RECEIVE, RETAIN, AND NOURISH A FERTILIZED EGG. IN A WOMAN WHO HAS NEVER BEEN PREGNANT, IT IS ABOUT THE SIZE AND SHAPE OF A PEAR. DURING PREGNANCY, THE UTERUS INCREASES TREMENDOUSLY IN SIZE AND DURING THE LATTER PART OF PREGNANCY CAN BE FELT WELL ABOVE THE UMBILICUS. WALLS OF UTERUS: ENDOMETRIUM – INNER LAYER; SLOUGHS OFF EACH MONTH IN MENSES UNLESS AN EMBRYO HAS BECOME EMBEDDED IN IT. MYOMETRIUM – BULKY MIDDLE LAYER; PLAYS AN ACTIVE ROLE DURING CHILDBIRTH, WHEN IT CONTRACTS RHYTHMICALLY TO FORCE THE BABY OUT OF THE MOTHER’S BODY. PERIMETRIUM – OUTERMOST SEROUS LAYER ❑ DUCT SYSTEM: VAGINA IT LIES BETWEEN THE BLADDER AND RECTUM AND EXTENDS FROM THE CERVIX TO THE BODY EXTERIOR. OFTEN CALLED THE BIRTH CANAL HYMEN – A THIN FOLD OF THE MUCOSA WHICH PARTIALLY CLOSES THE DISTAL END OF THE VAGINA; VERY VASCULAR AND TENDS TO BLEED WHEN IT IS RUPTURED DURING THE FIRST SEXUAL INTERCOURSE. ❑ EXTERNAL GENITALIA AND FEMALE PERINEUM ALSO CALLED AS VULVA. MONS PUBIS – “MOUNTAIN OF PUBIS” IS A FATTY, ROUNDED AREA OVERLYING THE PUBIC SYMPHYSIS. LABIA MAJORA – HAIR-COVERED SKIN FOLDS; ENCLOSES THE VESTIBULE. LABIA MINORA – HAIR-FREE SKIN FOLDS. VESTIBULE – CONTAINS THE URETHRAL ORIFICE AND VAGINAL ORIFICE. CLITORIS – IS A SMALL, PROTRUDING STRUCTURE THAT CORRESPONDS TO THE MALE PENIS. GREATER VESTIBULAR GLANDS - A PAIR OF MUCUS- PRODUCING GLANDS THAT LUBRICATES THE DISTAL END OF THE VAGINA DURING INTERCOURSE. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS AND CYCLES ❖ OOGENESIS OOGENESIS (PRODUCTION OF FEMALE SEX CELLS) OCCURS IN OVARIAN FOLLICLES, WHICH ARE ACTIVATED AT PUBERTY BY FSH AND LH TO MATURE AND EJECT OOCYTES (OVULATION) ON A CYCLIC BASIS. THE EGG (OVUM) IS FORMED ONLY IF SPERM PENETRATES THE SECONDARY OOCYTE. IN FEMALES, MEIOSIS PRODUCES ONLY ONE FUNCTIONAL OVUM (PLUS THREE NON- FUNCTIONAL POLAR BODIES), AS COMPARED WITH THE FOUR FUNCTIONAL SPERM PER MEIOSIS EVENT PRODUCED BY MALES. ❖HORMONE PRODUCTION: ESTROGENS ARE PRODUCED BY OVARIAN FOLLICLES IN RESPONSE TO FSH. PROGESTERONE, PRODUCED IN RESPONSE TO LH, IS THE MAIN HORMONAL PRODUCT OF THE CORPUS LUTEUM. ESTROGENS STIMULATE DEVELOPMENT OF FEMALE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS. ❖ UTERINE MENSTRUAL CYCLE THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE INVOLVES CHANGES IN THE ENDOMETRIUM IN RESPONSE TO FLUCTUATING BLOOD LEVELS OF OVARIAN HORMONES. THERE ARE THREE PHASES: A. DAYS 1-5 MENSTRUAL PHASE. ENDOMETRIUM SLOUGHS OFF AND BLEEDING OCCURS. OVARIAN HORMONES ARE AT THEIR LOWEST LEVELS. B. DAYS 6-14 PROLIFERATIVE PHASE. ENDOMETRIUM IS REPAIRED, THICKENS, AND BECOMES WELL VASCULARIZED IN RESPONSE TO INCREASING LEVELS OF ESTROGENS. C. DAYS 15-28 SECRETORY PHASE. ENDOMETRIAL GLANDS BEGIN TO SECRETE NUTRIENTS, AND LINING BECOMES MORE VASCULAR IN RESPONSE TO INCREASING LEVEL OF PROGESTERONE. ❖ STAGES OF PREGNANCY AND DEVELOPMENT FERTILIZATION EMBRYONIC PERIOD FETAL PERIOD CHILDBIRTH/PARTURITION PREGNANCY PREGNANCY AND REFERS TO EMBRYONIC EVENTS DEVELOPMENT THAT OCCUR FROM THE TIME OF FERTILIZATION (CONCEPTION) UNTIL BIRTH. CONCEPTUS - WOMAN’S DEVELOPING OFFSPRING. ❖ FERTILIZATION THE OOCYTE IS VIABLE FOR 12-24 HOURS AFTER OVULATION. WITHIN THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT, SPERMS ARE VIABLE FOR 24-48 HRS. IT TAKES 1 TO 2 HOURS FOR SPERM TO COMPLETE THE JOURNEY UP THE FEMALE DUCT SYSTEM INTO THE UTERINE TUBES. HUNDREDS OF SPERM MUST RELEASE THEIR ACROSOMAL ENZYMES TO BREAK DOWN THE OOCYTE’S PLASMA MEMBRANE (CORONA RADIATA). A SINGLE SPERM MAKES CONTACT WITH ONE OF THE OOCYTE’S MEMBRANE RECEPTORS. ONCE THE SPERM HAS ENTERED, THE OVUM SHEDS ITS REMAINING MEMBRANE SURFACE RECEPTORS FOR SPERM, PREVENTING OTHER SPERM FROM GAINING ENTRY. THE OOCYTE THEN UNDERGOES ITS SECOND MEIOTIC DIVISION. FERTILIZATION OCCURS AT THE MOMENT THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF A SPERM COMBINES WITH THAT OF AN OVUM TO FORM A FERTILIZED EGG, OR ZYGOTE, WITH A COMPLETE SET OF 46 CHROMOSOMES. THE ZYGOTE REPRESENTS THE FIRST CELL OF THE NEW INDIVIDUAL. ❖ EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT ❖ DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN FETUS ❖ DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN FETUS ❖ CHILD-BIRTH ALSO CALLED PARTURITION, IS THE CULMINATION OF PREGNANCY. IT USUALLY OCCURS WITHIN 15 DAYS OF THE CALCULATED DUE DATE (WHICH IS 280 DAYS FROM THE LAST MENSTRUAL PERIOD). THE SERIES OF EVENTS THAT EXPEL THE INFANT FROM THE UTERUS IS REFERRED TO AS LABOR. END of SLIDE Goodluck EVERYBODY! Never get DISCOURAGED! Keep on FIGHTHING/STUDYING! =)

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