Week 9 Exam: Immigration, Acculturation, and Place PDF

**WEEK 9 EXAM** **IMMIGRATION** **ACCULTURATION** **PLACE** - **Place Identity Definition** The subjective sense of self is defined and expressed not simply by ones relationship to other people, but also by ones relationship with various physical settings that define and structure...

**WEEK 9 EXAM** **IMMIGRATION** **ACCULTURATION** **PLACE** - **Place Identity Definition** The subjective sense of self is defined and expressed not simply by ones relationship to other people, but also by ones relationship with various physical settings that define and structure day to day life - **What is Place** - A dwelling, position or status - Specific location - Anchor point for personal or group identity - Take in the meanings people assign to it - Physical setting, human activities, human social, psychological processes rooted in the setting - Gratifies needs and desires - Symbolises meaning and significant, with memories or shared history - **What is Place Identity** - Strong sense of affiliation to place or groups - Substructure of global identification or self-concept - Subjective feeling of identification with home, neighbourhood or larger space - Potpourri of memories, conceptions, interpretations, ideas, feelings - Contributes to identity through meaning and symbolised by place features - **Place Attachment Defined** - A sense of belonging with positive experiences of inclusion - Positive bond between groups and their environment - Relationship and emotional links, given meaning through interactions that goes beyond cognition, preference or judgement - Feelings we develop towards a place which is highly familiar - **Place Identity Develops** - Begins in childhood - Occurs and changes at significant life stages - Developed by memories and schema of places, - Through norms, behaviours, rules and regulations - Attachment develops slowly , through positive experiences - Strongly based on the relationships with people their more than the setting itself - Shaped by others attitudes towards a place - **What Prevents Place Identity from Developing** - Dysfunctional family situations - Rejection or conflict with people in a setting - Continuous relocation - The place not being able to fulfill your desires and needs - **Place Identity Advantages** 1. Place identity can compromise your well-being if a disaster strikes and destroys your place 2. Resilience is formed to rebuild after a natural disaster 3. You displace Pro-environmental behaviour towards your place and its protection 4. May stop you from wanting any changes or progress in your area **Chow & Healy (2008) Development of Place Identity Study** - First time university students moving to prestigious uni in England - Leaving home for the first time - 2 semi structured interviews 1. **Home is associated with family and friends** 2. **Home was not at university but where they had come from** 3. **Home is where the heart is** 4. **Love of the University came after time, even when they had no family nearby** **Dislocation:** 1. **Leaving home undermined the students' social psychological processes and sense of familiarity** 2. **Undermined sense of place attachment and belonging** 3. **Undermined capacity of place to signify individuals identity** **Participants Expressed:** 1. Intention to stay connected to home and their past to maintain identity 2. Home was an anchor for place dependent memories 3. Needed time at university to develop a new sense of place 4. The high status of the University motivated and help them identify with it 5. Social relationships at University help them create a new place identity **Transition:** 1. **The transition influenced self-image and identity** 2. **After leaving home students realised how important it was to them** 3. **They could now recognise that they had two homes** - **Social Identity Theory Defined** - A persons sense of who they are based on their group memberships - People need to view themselves positively - To view ourselves positively we must view the groups we belong to positively also - **Ingroup Favouritism:** Our preference for our own group - **Outgroup bias** Dislike of outgroups and their members - **Place & Social Identity Theory** - Positive social identity can also be achieved through identifying with positive places - We are more likely to identity a sense of belonging and pride to places we feel positive about, this gives us self-esteem. - The more strongly you identify with a place the less you are able to notice its negative characteristics. - We view our own group as more positive than outgroups around us - We feel good about ourselves when we have a positive place to belong **Marcouyeux & Fleury-Bahi (2011)** **Social identity and place Study looking at Grade 7 students in Highschool** - Measured high school students: 1. **Place identity** ( This school is important to me) 2. **Group identity** ( I feel strong times to other students) 3. **Evaluation of their school using Social identity and Place Identity** (People believe that this high shcool is a good school) 4. **Place dependence** ( Being at this school is a real advantage for success after graduation) **Results** 1. **Found a positive correlation between group identity and evaluation of the school** 2. **The stronger you identify with a place as a part of your own identity the more of a sense of belonging you have and the higher you evaluate that place** **Bernardo & Palma-Oliveira (2016)** **Place Identity and Social Identity** **Compared Neighbourhoods against each other** - Study looked at place identity, satisfaction and place evaluation of residence in the neighbourhood of Chelas, who had a low identity and satisfaction of their neighbourhood, - Evaluated Chelas against 3 richer neighbourhoods - Chelas residents evaluated the 3 other neighbourhoods as more positive than their own, but to maintain a positive self-concept they identified with the city and nation more strongly. **IMMIGRATION** - **Immigration Definition** The intentional movement of people to a destination country or across state boarders of which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship in order to settle for an extended period of time. - **Immigration Statistics** - 281 million migrants around the world (as of 2020) - 7.6 million migrants living in Australia (as of 2020) - 1/3 of all people are migrants - **Types of Immigration** - Immigrants - Refugees - Asylum seekers **ACCULTURATION STRATEGIES** - **ACCULTURATION definition** - The phenomena that result in a group of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first hand contact, with subsequent changes in the original cultural patters of either or both groups - Acculturation is the process that happens after you migrate **Small scale acculturation: changing jobs** **Large scale acculturation: changing countries and cultures** **The Top 4 Acculturation Strategies People Use** 1. Attitudes 2. Social Norms 3. Personal Reserves 4. Environmental Contraints 1. **Acculturation of Attitudes** a. **Assimilation** - Rejection of home culture - Adopt host country culture - Only interact with host country people - Positive attitude towards host country - **Melting pot for policies**: everyone is viewed as the same - Migrants have resources - Can speak the language - Are flexible to changes - Have social support - Immigrate with family members - **The individual separates themselves from their home culture and adopts the values of the new culture** b. **Integration** - Maintains old culture but pariticpates in host country - Connects to both worlds - Most common type for migrants - Positive attitude towards home country, - Home country satisfied all their basic needs - Positive towards host county, satisfied their basic needs - Integrates both cultures - Have resources - Can speak the language - Flexible - Feel accepted by the host country - Have social support - **According to the Acculturation Intentions Model, individuals have positive attitudes towards their home county and host country, they may prefer to return to their home country or stay in their host country will better integrate.** c. **Separatism or Separation** - Reject host country - Favour home country and culture - Maintain ties only with home country - 2^nd^ Most popular process for migrants - Positive attitudes only for home country - Lack resources in host country - Lack host country language - Lack flexibility - Lack skills - Feel anxious in host country - Feel outcast and rejected by host country - Face discrimination - Often migrate alone not support - **The individual separates themselves from the host culture and upholds the home culture** d. **Marginalisation** - Rejects both home and host countries - Prefers a third country - Least popular thing to do for migrants - Feel excluded - No language for host country - No Flexibility - Very anxious - Face discrimination - Immigrate alone - **The individual separates themselves from both host and home culture** **Social Norms Can Predict Acculturation** 1. **Multiculturalism** encourages integration 2. **"Melting pot"** policy encourages assimilation 3. Segregation encourages separation 4. Exclusion encourages marginalization **THE ACCULTURATION INTENTIONS MODEL** **Study 1 Tartakovsky (2012). Acculturation Strategies Study** 1. **THE SOCIAL NORMS** AND IMMIGRATIION POLICY OF THE HOME COUNTRY 2. **ATTUTIDUES** TOWARDS THE HOST COUNTRY AFTER IMMIGRATION 3. THE SOCIAL NORMS AND **IMMIGRATION POLICY** OF THE HOST COUNTRY 4. HAVING THE **RESCOURCES** TO FIT INTO THE HOST COUNTRY ( ABILITY TO LEARN THE LANGUAGE) 5. **ATTITUDES** TOWARDS THE **HOST** COUNTRY **PRIOR** TO IMMIGRATION 6. PERCIEVED **SOCIAL SUPPORT AND ACCPETANCE** 7. **ATTTIUDES** TOWARDS THE **HOME COUTNRY PRIOR** TO IMMIGRATION 8. **ATTITUDES** TOWARDS THE **HOME** COUNTRY AFTER IMMIGRATION 9. **ACCULTURATION INTENTIONS** 10. PERECEIVE **DISCRIMINATION AND REJECTION** - Immigrants psychological characteristics and resources impact their ability to acculturation in a host country - Immigration related policies impact acculturation - Immigrants who can maintain co-national connectedness acculturate better - Daily hassles negatively impact acculturation - Pre-immigration factors such as expectations, hopes and motivations impact acculturation **WHAT VARIABLES FROM THE AIM OF TARTAKOVSKY 2012 STUDY FOUND TO BE IMPORTANT TO THE PREFERENCE FOR INTEGRATION ACCULTURATION STRATEGIES** 1. ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE HOST COUNTRY AFTER IMMIGRATION 2. PERCIEVED SOCIAL SUPORT AND ACCPETANCE 3. PERCEIVED DISCRIMINATION AND REJECTION 4. ATTTITUDES TOWARDS HOST COUNTRY BEFORE IMMIGATION 2. **Personal Recourses Impacting Acculturation** - **Immigrates with resources to fit in to a host country prefer to assimilate with the country or integrate** - Learning the language helps - Being flexible helps - Overcoming anxiety of the new place - Personal rescources and social support - **Immigrates without resources prefer to separate from host country or marginalize themselves from the host and home countries** 3. **Environmental constraints that stop Acculturalisation** - Feeling accepted by host and home country or rejected by them **Tartakovsky Study 2 (2012) Jewish Students going to study in Isreal from other nations** **Looked at:** - Attitudes towards host and home countries before immigration - Self-worth of Jewish students - discrimination - Social support - Their acculturation preferences - If they intend to stay and live in Israel after study **Results:** - Students self-worth and their attitude towards the host county did NOT impact how they acculturated in Israel or what acculturation strategies they used - Students attitude towards the HOST country of Isreal, social support in Isreal and discrimination all predicted their acculutaration style **Acculturation Style is determined by:** 1. **Attitude towards the host country** 2. **Social support in the host country** 3. **Protection from discrimination in the host country** **ACCULTURATION ADAPTION** **Adaption definition:** Adaptation is a consequence of acculturation Adaption is psychological wellbeing and sociocultural coping of individuals **Sociocultural Adaption:** The ability to learn the host countries language **Psychological Adaptions** i. **Cognitive ( identity and sense of belonging)** ii. **Affective ( Pyshcological wellbeing, life satisfaction )** iii. **Behavioural ( skills to participate in the culture )** **Immigrant Paradox** **New immigrants often outperform more established immigrants and even non-immigrants on:** 1. Health 2. Education 3. Conduct 4. Crime related outcomes People who immigrate today are more likely to be: 1. Educated 2. Wealthy 3. Better Behaved Exposure to discrimination in the host country can change immigrants behaviour to be more negative. **ACCULTURATION AND IDENTITY** **CARDENAS & DE LA SABLONNIERE (2017):** **LATIN AMERICANS MOVING TO CANAND** - Wanted to know when and what process migrants incorporated their new country into their identity. - When migrants participate in the host countries activities it leads to a sense of belonging, this process over time leads to the incorporation of the host country into a person's identity - Develops a sense of belonging through participation - Integration develops a sense of belonging **Participation in:** 1. **Culture and traditions** 2. **Entertainment** 3. **Interpersonal relationships with locals** 4. **Finding work** 5. **Studying** Factors that stop a person integrating the new country into their sense of identity 1. Did not migrate voluntarily but was forced 2. Incongruence between their home countries values and the host countries values 3. If they don't want to participate in the host countries actives **Biculturalism Defined** "An umbrella term to refer to any case in which an individual **endorses** at least **one heritage culture** and **at least one receiving culture**." - **4 Ways to be Bicultural MIXING ASPECT OF TWO CULTURES TOGETHER** **Relational Model of Bicultural Systems (Meca et al., 2019):** 1. **Exploration** - **Considering what it means to belong to a cultural group** - **Direct Participation** in events to learn about the cultural groups they belong to - **Discussing and thinking** about identity - **NOT SET, EXPERIMENTAL** 2. **Alternating** - Activate different identity aspects in response to circumstances - Changes and activates their "Spanish identity when with Spanish family" - Might act more American in an interview on tv until they see the host is Spanish and switching - Switching in different audiences - CHANGE YOUR CULTURAL BEHAVIOUR DEPENDING ON WHO YOU ARE WITH 3. **Integration** - **Meshes multiple cultural** identities into one - **Value differences**, - **focus on similarities**, or identify with a **larger superordinate** identity that encompasses cultural identities - **Focus on similarities with part of their culture** 4. **Hybridizing** - **Fuse elements of the cultural** identities to create something unique and distinct - **Fuse together parts of each cultural identity and fuse them together to form something new**