Biculturalism and Acculturation Factors

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Questions and Answers

What factor is least likely to negatively impact an immigrant's acculturation process?

  • Perceived discrimination
  • Daily hassles
  • Pre-immigration expectations
  • Learning the host country's language (correct)

Which attitude is most indicative of a positive acculturation strategy after immigration?

  • Desire to remain disconnected from the host culture
  • Acceptance and social support from the host community (correct)
  • Negative perceptions of the host country
  • Anticipation of discrimination upon entering the host country

Which of the following resources is most likely to lead to a preference for assimilation among immigrants?

  • Strong ties to home country
  • Negative attitudes towards the host culture
  • Flexible mindset (correct)
  • Limited social support

What pre-immigration factor is most significant in determining an immigrant's acculturation outcome?

<p>Expectations and hopes regarding the host country (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely outcome for immigrants who lack resources to fit into the host country?

<p>Preference for separation from both host and home countries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT inhibit a person's integration into a new country's identity?

<p>Migrating voluntarily (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'Exploration' aspect of biculturalism?

<p>Direct participation in cultural events to understand belonging (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Hybridizing' in biculturalism indicate?

<p>Creating a unique identity by combining elements from both cultures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best exemplifies the concept of 'Alternating' in biculturalism?

<p>Changing cultural behaviors depending on who one is with (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the Integration model in biculturalism?

<p>Emphasizing similarities across multiple identities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of their lives did students experience dislocation from after leaving home?

<p>Social psychological processes and sense of familiarity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the participants, what was necessary for developing a new sense of place at university?

<p>Time spent at university (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivates students to identify with their university, according to the study?

<p>High status of the university (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept explains a person's identity based on group memberships?

<p>Social Identity Theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ingroup favoritism leads individuals to prefer which kind of groups?

<p>Their own group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of place identity?

<p>It involves emotional connections and memories associated with a place. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does positive identification with a place affect an individual's perception of it?

<p>Decreases the ability to notice negative characteristics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can prevent the development of place identity?

<p>Continuous relocation to new areas. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of identifying with a positive place?

<p>Increased self-esteem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Place attachment is primarily characterized by which of the following?

<p>A sense of belonging and emotional bonds with an environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the study by Marcouyeux & Fleury-Bahi (2011) focus on?

<p>Social identity and place for Grade 7 students (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what point does place identity typically begin to develop?

<p>During childhood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about place identity is true?

<p>It is influenced by the attitudes of others towards a place. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which advantage is associated with strong place identity?

<p>It fosters resilience and pro-environmental behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can significantly influence how place identity changes over time?

<p>Memories and experiences associated with a place. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the substructure of place identity?

<p>It includes a collection of experiences and feelings related to place. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between group identity and school evaluation?

<p>A positive correlation exists. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategy do people use when they change their cultural attitudes?

<p>Acculturation of Attitudes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do residents of Chelas compare their neighborhood to richer neighborhoods?

<p>They identify more strongly with their city and nation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of immigrants?

<p>They intentionally move to another country to settle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'place dependence' refer to in the context of an educational environment?

<p>Feeling that the school is essential for personal success after graduation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main acculturation strategies individuals might use?

<p>Adjusting social norms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many migrants were reported globally in 2020?

<p>281 million (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of large scale acculturation?

<p>Moving to a different country. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the assimilation process?

<p>Rejecting home culture and adopting host country culture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the integration process?

<p>Engaging in both home and host cultures positively (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome for individuals practicing separatism?

<p>They have a positive attitude only towards their home country (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a main characteristic of marginalization as an acculturation strategy?

<p>Individuals experience exclusion and rejection from both cultures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'melting pot' policy primarily promote?

<p>Encouragement of assimilation into the host culture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is crucial for successful integration into a host country?

<p>Strong social support within the host country (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the sentiments of individuals experiencing separation?

<p>They often feel outcast and rejected by the host country (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best aligns with the acculturation intentions model?

<p>Integration may lead individuals to prefer returning to their home country (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Dislocation

The feeling of being disconnected from one's familiar environment and identity, often experienced when leaving home for a new place.

Place Attachment

A feeling of connection, belonging, and emotional significance to a particular place.

Place Identity

The part of your identity that is formed based on the places you belong to and identify with.

Social Identity Theory

Explains how people's self-concept is influenced by their membership in various social groups. People strive for positive self-image and view their own groups positively.

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Ingroup Favouritism

The tendency to favor and prefer your own social group over other groups.

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Outgroup Bias

A dislike or negative perception of individuals belonging to groups other than your own.

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Positive Place Identity

A strong sense of belonging and pride in a place, contributing to a positive self-image.

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Transition to New Place

The process of adapting to a new environment, building new relationships, and developing a new sense of identity.

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What is Place?

A location with specific meaning, significance, and emotional associations.

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How does Place Identity Develop?

Place identity starts in childhood, evolves throughout life, and is shaped by memories, experiences, and relationships with people.

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What hinders Place Identity?

Dysfunctional family life, negative interactions with people in a place, constant relocation, and unfulfilled needs can hinder place identity.

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Place Identity Advantages

A strong sense of place identity can contribute to resilience, pro-environmental behaviors, and well-being in the face of challenges.

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Place Identity & Disaster

A strong place identity helps you cope with the psychological and emotional impacts of a disaster.

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Place Identity & Environmentalism

Place identity promotes a sense of responsibility towards the environment, leading to actions that protect and preserve it.

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Group Identity

A sense of belonging and shared values with a specific group, like a school or community. It involves accepting and identifying with the group's norms and characteristics.

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Place Dependence

The belief that being in a particular place provides significant advantages or opportunities, such as a better chance of success.

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Immigration

The act of moving permanently to a different country, often to settle and become a citizen.

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Refugee

A person who has been forced to leave their home country due to persecution, war, or violence.

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Acculturation

The process of adapting to a new culture after migrating, often involving changes in language, customs, and values.

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Acculturation Strategies

Methods individuals use to adapt to a new culture. These methods involve changes in attitudes, social norms, personal reserves, and environmental constraints.

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Acculturation of Attitudes

The process of adapting one's beliefs and opinions to match those of the new culture.

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Assimilation

Adopting the host culture's norms and values while minimizing original culture.

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Separation

Immigrants maintain their original culture and minimize contact with the host culture.

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Marginalization

Immigrants don't fully integrate with the host culture nor maintain their original culture.

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Multiculturalism and Integration

A societal approach that encourages individuals to maintain their cultural identity while participating in the host culture.

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Melting Pot and Assimilation

A societal approach that promotes the blending of different cultures into a single, homogenous culture.

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Segregation and Separation

A societal approach that encourages individuals to keep separate from the host culture.

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Exclusion and Marginalization

A societal approach that leads to individuals feeling excluded and rejected by both home and host cultures.

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Forced Migration

Moving to a new country involuntarily, often due to political, economic, or social reasons.

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Cultural Mismatch

When the values and beliefs of your home country clash with the values and beliefs of your new country, leading to difficulty integrating.

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Lack of Participation

Choosing not to engage in activities or customs common in the new country which makes integration difficult.

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Biculturalism

Embracing and actively participating in two different cultures simultaneously.

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Exploration (Biculturalism)

Actively learning about and engaging with both cultures, experimenting with different aspects.

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Study Notes

Immigration Definition

  • The intentional movement of people to a destination country or across state borders, where they are not native or do not possess citizenship, to settle for an extended period of time.

Immigration Statistics

  • 281 million migrants around the world (as of 2020)
  • 7.6 million migrants living in Australia (as of 2020).
  • 1/3 of all people are migrants.

Types of Immigration

  • Immigrants
  • Refugees
  • Asylum seekers

Acculturation Definition

  • The phenomena resulting from different cultures interacting, leading to subsequent changes within those cultures.
  • Acculturation is a process that happens after migration.

Small Scale vs Large Scale Acculturation

  • Small Scale: Changing jobs.
  • Large Scale: Changing countries and cultures.

Top 4 Acculturation Strategies

  • Attitudes
  • Social Norms
  • Personal Reserves
  • Environmental Constraints

Acculturation Strategies (Detailed)

  • Assimilation:
  • Rejection of home culture
  • Adoption of host country culture
  • Interaction only with host country people
  • Positive attitude towards host country
  • Everyone is viewed as the same (melting pot)
  • Migrants have resources
  • Can speak the language
  • Flexible to changes
  • Social support
  • Immigrate with family
  • Individual separates from their home culture and adopts the new culture's values.
  • Integration:
  • Maintains old culture
  • Participates in host country
  • Separatism/Separation:
  • Maintains ties only with home country
  • Positive attitudes only towards home country
  • Lack of resources in host country
  • Lack of host country language
  • Lack of flexibility
  • Lack of skills
  • Feels anxious in host country
  • Feels outcast and rejected by host country
  • Faces discrimination
  • Often migrant alone, no support system.
  • Individual separates from the host culture and upholds home culture
  • Marginalization:
  • Rejects both home and host countries
  • Prefers a third country
  • Least popular option
  • Feels excluded
  • No language for host country
  • No flexibility

Social Norms and Acculturation

  • Multiculturalism encourages integration
  • "Melting pot" policy encourages assimilation
  • Segregation encourages separation
  • Exclusion encourages marginalization

Acculturation Intentions Model

  • Positive attitudes towards both home and host countries predicts an integration strategy for acculturation.
  • Factors that influence acculturation:
  • Home country social norms and immigration policy
  • Attitudes towards the host country after immigration
  • Social support and acceptance in the host country
  • Resource availability (e.g., language skills) in the host country
  • Attitudes toward the home country after immigration

Personal Resources Impacting Acculturation

  • Immigrants with resources prefer to assimilate or integrate.
  • Learning the host country's language helps
  • Flexibility helps
  • Overcoming anxieties of the new place
  • Personal resources (e.g., social support) helps

Environmental Constraints on Acculturation

  • Feeling accepted by the host and home country.
  • Rejection by either country.

Tartakovsky Study 2 (2012)

  • Focused on Jewish students studying in Israel.
  • Evaluated attitudes towards home and host countries prior to immigration.
  • Investigated self-worth, discrimination, social support, and acculturation preferences.
  • Acculturation style determined by:
  • Attitude towards host country
  • Social support in the host country
  • Protection from discrimination in the host country

Acculturation Adaptation

  • Adaptation is a consequence of acculturation.
  • Adaptation involves psychological wellbeing and sociocultural coping.
  • Sociocultural adaptation is the ability to learn the host countries language.
  • Psychological adaptations:
  • Cognitive (identity and belonging)
  • Affective (psychological well-being and life satisfaction)
  • Behavioral (skills to participate in the culture)

Immigrant Paradox

  • New immigrants often outperform more established immigrants on health, education, conduct, and crime-related outcomes.

Latin Americans Moving to Canada

  • Process of incorporating their new country into their identity is related to their participation in host country activities.
  • Factors that stop integration:
  • Did not migrate voluntarily
  • Incongruence between home country values and host country values
  • No desire to participate in host country activities

Biculturalism Defined

  • An umbrella term for endorsing at least one heritage culture and at least one receiving culture.

4 Ways to be Bicultural

  • Exploration: Understanding belonging to a cultural group
  • Direct Participation: Engaging in cultural group activities.
  • Alternating: Activating different identity aspects in various contexts.
  • Integration: Merging multiple cultural identities
  • Hybridizing: Combining cultural elements to form something unique.

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Week 9 Exam: Immigration, Acculturation, and Place PDF

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