Week 9-12.pptx

Conservation and Control WEEK 9-12 Conservation and Control: Political Ecology, Territoriality, and Resistance in the Dominican Republic  Introduction Protected Area in the Political Ecology...

Conservation and Control WEEK 9-12 Conservation and Control: Political Ecology, Territoriality, and Resistance in the Dominican Republic  Introduction Protected Area in the Political Ecology Territoriality Resistance Dominican Republic The slide will explore the complex The presentation will examine The slide will investigate the The presentation will focus on a interplay of political, economic, how different stakeholders various forms of resistance, both specific protected area within the and environmental factors that assert control and claim active and passive, that local Dominican Republic, examining its shape the management and ownership over the protected communities and other actors political ecology, territoriality, and conservation of the protected area, leading to tensions and exhibit in response to the the resistance surrounding it. area. conflicts. management and control of the protected area. This introductory slide sets the stage for the in-depth exploration of the political, social, and environmental dynamics surrounding the protected area in the Dominican Republic.  What is Political Ecology? Political ecology is a field of study that examines the complex relationships between political, economic, and social factors, and their impact on the environment. It explores how power dynamics, resource distribution, and societal structures shape environmental issues and changes.  Territoriality and Protected Areas Overlapping Jurisdictions Exclusionary Policies Protected areas often involve complex territorial claims and Strict conservation measures in protected areas can conflicts between national governments, local sometimes lead to the displacement or exclusion of local communities, and other stakeholders with varying degrees communities, causing resentment and resistance to of authority and control over the land. conservation efforts. Resource Access Disputes Power Imbalances Conflicts can arise over access to natural resources within Protected areas are often established and managed by protected areas, such as disputes between conservation powerful national or international organizations, which can efforts and traditional livelihood practices like hunting, create power imbalances and undermine the autonomy fishing, or resource extraction. and decision-making authority of local communities. Contested Boundaries The boundaries of protected areas are often ambiguous or contested, leading to disagreements over where conservation efforts should be focused and what areas are subject to specific regulations or management plans.  The Dominican Republic Context 1980s-1990s Expansion of the 1956 2000s protected area network, Increased community The Dominican often without the consent resistance to protected Republic established or involvement of local area expansion, leading its first national park, communities who were to conflicts between the the Parque Nacional dependent on the land. government and local Armando Bermúdez. populations. 1974 The government created the Subsecretaría de Recursos Naturales y Medio Ambiente (Undersecretary of 1998 Natural Resources and The General Law on Environment) to manage Environment and Natural the country's protected Resources established a areas. comprehensive legal framework for environmental protection and management.  Stakeholders and Perspectives Local Coastal Communities Environmental NGOs Government Officials Rely on access to marine resources for Advocate for biodiversity conservation Tasked with managing the protected livelihoods and food security. Concerned and ecosystem protection. Push for area and balancing conservation with about restricted access and loss of strict regulations and enforcement economic development. Faced with traditional fishing grounds. within the protected area. competing priorities and stakeholder demands. Tourism Industry Indigenous Groups Interests in developing coastal resorts and infrastructure to Claim ancestral rights and traditional land-use practices within the attract visitors. Seek access and use of resources within the protected area. Resist displacement and loss of access to cultural protected area. and natural resources.  Resistance Strategies Legal Challenges Civil Political Alternative Land Occupation Disobedience Mobilization Resource Use Local communities have Community members Residents have engaged Local communities have Residents have occupied and physically have filed lawsuits and in acts of civil organized political continued to utilize the settled on the lands legal petitions to disobedience, such as campaigns and lobbied natural resources within designated for the challenge the blocking access roads, government officials to the protected area protected area, government's authority disrupting conservation revoke or modify the boundaries, engaging in preventing the over the lands and the activities, and refusing protected area policies, activities like farming, establishment of the legitimacy of the to comply with park drawing attention to hunting, and resource conservation initiative. protected area regulations. their concerns and extraction, in defiance of designation. demands. the conservation regulations.  Implications for Conservation Percentage of Community Participation and Support 85% 60% 45% Punta Espada Community Adjacent Protected Areas National Conservation Programs The Restructuring of Community Conservation in South Africa and the Philippines An exploration of the evolving approaches to community-based conservation efforts in South Africa and the Philippines  Community Conservation South African Case Study Philippine Case Study Lessons Learned Efforts Explore the challenges and Investigate the evolving Identify key insights and best Examine the restructuring of successes of community approaches to community- practices from the two case community-based conservation conservation programs in South driven conservation in the studies initiatives in South Africa and the Africa Philippines Philippines This introduction will set the stage for a deeper exploration of the restructuring of community conservation efforts in these two diverse regions. Community Conservation in South Africa 1990s 1920s Implementation of the Establishment of the South African National Makuleke Contractual Parks' People and Parks National Park, where Program, promoting local communities community participation gained ownership and in national park management rights over management. wildlife and land. 1980s Creation of the KwaZulu- Natal community game reserves, allowing local 2000s communities to benefit Launch of the Communal from wildlife-based Property Associations Act, enterprises like enabling communities to ecotourism. collectively own and manage land and natural resources. Community Conservation in the Philippines 1992 2001 Establishment of the Initiation of the National Integrated Community-Based Protected Areas System Forest Management (NIPAS) Act, which (CBFM) program, 2009 enabled the creation of empowering local Establishment of the community-managed communities to National REDD+ protected areas. manage and protect Strategy, promoting forest resources. community-based forest conservation and management. 1997 Implementation of the Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act, recognizing the rights of indigenous 2003 2016 communities to manage Designation of the first Launch of the National their ancestral lands and Community Conserved Greening Program, a natural resources. Area (CCA) in the large-scale reforestation Philippines, the initiative with strong Timbaban River Basin in community participation. Palawan.  Challenges Faced by Community Conservation Funding Challenges Governance Issues Limited Local Participation Lack of sustainable funding sources and Unclear decision-making processes, lack of Insufficient engagement and buy-in from local dependence on external grants has made it transparency, and power imbalances between communities, as well as a lack of capacity- difficult to maintain community conservation local communities and government authorities building initiatives, have undermined the programs in the long-term. have hampered effective governance of sustainability of community conservation community conservation efforts. programs. Addressing these key challenges of funding, governance, and local participation is crucial to ensure the long-term viability and success of community conservation initiatives in South Africa and the Philippines.  Lessons Learned and Best Practices Community Engagement Multi-Stakeholder Collaboration Successful community conservation programs in South Effective collaboration between government, NGOs, and Africa and the Philippines involved extensive community groups was essential for aligning interests engagement with local stakeholders to understand their and coordinating conservation activities. needs and priorities. Sustainable Livelihoods Adaptive Management Integrating sustainable livelihoods into conservation These programs adopted an adaptive management programs, such as eco-tourism and sustainable approach, continuously adjusting strategies based on agriculture, helped to improve community well-being feedback and changing conditions to ensure long-term and support conservation goals. sustainability. Capacity Building Capacity building for community members was a critical component, empowering them to take ownership of conservation efforts and manage resources effectively.  The Future of Community Conservation Escalating The Importance Empowering Integrated Sustainable Environmental of Community Community Approaches to Livelihoods and Challenges Conservation Stewardship Conservation Development The world is facing Local communities living Empowering local Integrating community- By aligning community growing climate change, within or adjacent to communities to actively based conservation with conservation efforts with deforestation, pollution, natural areas possess participate in the broader regional and sustainable livelihood and biodiversity loss, deep knowledge and a management and national strategies can opportunities, such as which threaten the vested interest in the decision-making leverage the strengths eco-tourism, sustainable sustainability of natural sustainable processes related to of various stakeholders, agriculture, and ecosystems and the management of their their natural resources including government renewable energy, local livelihoods of local resources. Community- can foster a sense of agencies, NGOs, and the communities can derive communities. based conservation ownership, private sector, to create economic benefits while approaches can responsibility, and long- a more comprehensive maintaining the effectively protect term commitment to and effective approach ecological integrity of biodiversity while conservation. to environmental their natural resources. promoting sustainable protection. development. Green Militarisation An examination of the growing military involvement in environmental and climate change initiatives, and the implications of this trend.  What is Green Militarisation? Use of environmental factors in military Adaptation to climate change and strategy environmental threats Leveraging natural features, resources, and ecological Adjusting military planning and operations to address conditions to gain strategic advantage in military challenges posed by climate change, resource scarcity, operations. and environmental degradation. Incorporation of environmental impact Utilization of environmental surveillance and assessments monitoring Evaluating the environmental consequences of military Employing remote sensing, satellite imagery, and activities and incorporating mitigation measures. other technologies to gather intelligence on environmental conditions. Green militarisation is the evolving integration of environmental and ecological factors into military strategy, planning, and operations to enhance capabilities, adapt to changing conditions, and mitigate environmental impacts.  Drivers of Green Militarisation Climate Change Sustainable Military Practices Extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and resource Governments and military organizations are recognizing scarcity driven by climate change are posing new the need to reduce their environmental footprint and challenges for military operations, prompting the need adopt more sustainable practices, such as renewable for more sustainable practices. energy, waste reduction, and eco-friendly procurement policies. Resource Scarcity Dwindling supplies of fossil fuels, minerals, and other natural resources are forcing militaries to explore alternative energy sources and adopt more efficient resource management strategies.  Examples of Green Militarisation Solar-powered Military Hybrid Electric Military Environmental Impact Sustainable Ammunition Energy-efficient Military Base Vehicle Assessment Production Housing A military base with rooftop A military vehicle that A map showing the Energy-efficient housing units solar panels, demonstrating combines an electric motor integration of environmental A facility that manufactures on a military base, the use of renewable energy and a traditional combustion considerations in military environmentally-friendly demonstrating the integration in military operations. engine, reducing fuel planning, such as evaluating ammunition, reducing the of sustainability in military consumption and carbon the impact of military environmental footprint of infrastructure. emissions. activities on local military operations. ecosystems.  Benefits of Green Militarisation Reduced Environmental Impact Lower Operational Costs Improved Readiness Green militarisation can lead to the use of Adopting green technologies and practices can Green militarisation can enhance the renewable energy sources, eco-friendly lead to reduced fuel consumption, resilience and self-sufficiency of military materials, and sustainable practices, which can maintenance requirements, and waste disposal forces, as they become less dependent on significantly reduce the military's carbon costs, resulting in overall lower operational finite resources and more adaptable to footprint and environmental impact. expenses for military forces. changing environmental conditions, improving their overall readiness and response capabilities. By embracing green militarisation, military forces can significantly reduce their environmental impact, lower operational costs, and enhance their readiness, ultimately contributing to a more sustainable and resilient defense strategy.  Challenges of Green Militarisation Significant Investment Technological Limitations Conflict Between Priorities Transitioning military operations and Current green technologies may not be Balancing environmental sustainability infrastructure to sustainable, eco-friendly able to fully meet the power, range, and and military effectiveness can sometimes technologies requires substantial financial performance requirements of military lead to conflicting priorities, requiring investment, which can be a major barrier applications, posing technical challenges careful trade-offs and decision-making. for many countries and organizations. for implementation. Supply Chain Disruptions Adoption Resistance Transitioning to green technologies may disrupt existing supply Military personnel and organizations may be resistant to adopting chains and logistics, which can impact military readiness and new, unfamiliar green technologies, making the transition to operational capabilities. sustainable practices more challenging. “"The military must lead by example in addressing climate change and environmental stewardship."” GENERAL JAMES MATTIS