Week 8 Violence copy (1).pptx

Violence in Sport Chapter 9 Agenda Forms of violence Theories of violence Violence & masculinity (hockey; football) Hazing Spectator violence  AGGRESSION IS…  physical or psychological VIOLENCE IS …  physical  “part of the game” in some sports  Sports crowd violence  by partisan fans ...

Violence in Sport Chapter 9 Agenda Forms of violence Theories of violence Violence & masculinity (hockey; football) Hazing Spectator violence  AGGRESSION IS…  physical or psychological VIOLENCE IS …  physical  “part of the game” in some sports  Sports crowd violence  by partisan fans  Potential outcomes Additional forms  Sports-related violence (SRV)  Broader view of physical violence in sport Types of On-thefield Violence (Smith, 1983)  Brutal body contact  Borderline violence  Quasi-criminal violence  Criminal violence  Instinct theory  catharsis  Frustration – aggression  Catharsis  Social learning theory Theories of violence Institutionalization of violence in sport  Parents – reward and approval  Gain respect of teammates and coaches  Commercialization of violence – leagues, owners, & fans  Media – models & legitimizes violence Violence & masculinity Historical sensitivity Male athlete violence Concussion s & CTE  Hegemonic masculinity  Men in white collar jobs  ‘overpresence’ of women in boys’ lives  Manly sports where violence was institutionalized Historical sensitivit y Male athlete violence (Messner, 2002)  against women  against other men  against their bodies  Why?  Misogynist & homophobic culture  Suppression of empathy Male athlete violence (Messner, 2002) Sexual assault by male college athletes (Benedict & Crosset) One in five sexual assaults on US campuses are committed by male athletes Rape culture MLB policy on domestic Addressing sexual assaults & violence in sport violence, sexual assault, child abuse (2016) Sport Canada; Coaching Association of Canada Code of Conduct Anonymous hotline Injury as violence to oneself  Sport ethic  Body as a machine  Badge of honour (masculinity) Violence by women athletes  Messner’s framework does not explain violence by women athletes  Less emphasis on gender norms; more focus on sport culture norms Concussions & CTE  Consequences of violence to the head  Shifting ideas of brain injuries  Individual issue vs. systemic problem Ritual of initiation / Hazing (Bryshun & Young, 2007; johnson et al. 2018) rite of passage Form of socialization ‘No tell’ culture Canadian research (Bryshun)  Happens with men’s and women’s teams  Usually as a “Rookie Night”  Some initiations were private  Some were public  Some activities emphasized heterosexuality, sexual deviance, nudity, physical punishments Bryshun findings  Some activities involved alcohol consumption  Goal:  Some activities involved ‘dressing up’  Goal:  Women’s teams: Techniques of neutralizati on  Hazing continues because the victims justify and rationalize the actions in four ways: Sports crowd violence • hooliganism • celebratory violence  Characteristics (Young, 2000) Spectator violence: Explanatio ns  Frustration-aggression  Conflict theory  Contested terrain Factors contributing to spectator violence  action in the event  crowd dynamics (next slides)  overall context around the event Crowd Dynamics & Situationa l Factors Crowd size Composition of the crowd Meaning and importance of event History between teams Crowd control strategies Crowd Dynamics & Situational Factors Alcohol consumption Location of event Motivations for attending event Importance of teams to spectators’ identity  Terrorism has occurred at sports events in the past  Led to increased security concerns and procedures at sport venues  Must be more aware of global issues Terrorism as a form of Spectator Violence Control of crowd violence  Minimize violence among athletes  Preventative measures re: crowd dynamics  Awareness of the context