Week 8 Chronic Disease and Epidemiology Risk Factors PDF

CHRONIC DISEASE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY RISK FACTORS AND PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES  OBJECTIVES Define chronic diseases and understand their significance in public health. Identify common risk factors associated with chronic diseases. Discuss preventive strategies to reduce the incidence of chronic disease...

CHRONIC DISEASE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY RISK FACTORS AND PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES  OBJECTIVES Define chronic diseases and understand their significance in public health. Identify common risk factors associated with chronic diseases. Discuss preventive strategies to reduce the incidence of chronic diseases. Analyse case studies to apply knowledge of risk factors and prevention. OVERVIEW OF CHRONIC DISEASES long-termhealth conditions that typically require ongoing medical attention. It can significantly impact an individual's quality of life. EXAMPLES Diabetes: A metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. It can lead to severe complications, such as heart disease, kidney failure, and neuropathy. EXAMPLES Heart Disease: Encompassing various conditions affecting the heart, including coronary artery disease and heart failure. It is often linked to lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and smoking. EXAMPLES Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A progressive lung disease that causes breathing difficulties, commonly caused by smoking and environmental factors. It includes conditions like chronic bronchitis and emphysema. EXAMPLES Hypertension Alzheimer’s Disease Asthma Multiple Sclerosis Arthritis Celiac Disease Chronic Kidney Disease Liver Disease Heart Failure Chronic Pain Conditions Stroke Obesity  BURDEN OF CHRONIC DISEASES Impact on Individuals: Patients often experience a diminished quality of life due to symptoms, complications, and the need for continuous management. This can lead to emotional distress, social isolation, and increased healthcare costs. Healthcare Systems: Chronic diseases account for a large portion of healthcare spending, including costs related to hospitalizations, medications, and outpatient care. They also contribute to increased demand for healthcare services, leading to strain on resources. EPIDEMIOLOGY AS A TOOL TO STUDY CHRONIC DISEASES Identifying Risk Factors Assessing Disease Burden Evaluating Interventions RISK FACTORS DEFINED Risk Factors are characteristics or conditions that increase the likelihood of developing a disease or health issue They can be classified into two main categories: Modifiable Risk Factors Non-Modifiable Risk Factors COMMON RISK FACTORS Behavioural Risk Factors SMOKING DIET PHYSICAL INACTIVITY COMMON RISK FACTORS Environmental Risk Factors POLLUTION OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS COMMON RISK FACTORS Genetic Risk Factors FAMILY HISTORY Genetic Disorders STATISTICS ON PREVALENCE OF COMMON RISK FACTORS BEHAVIOURAL RISK FACTORS Smoking Approximately 14% of adults in the U.S. were current smokers in 2020, down from 20% in 2005. Smoking is responsible for nearly 1 in 5 deaths annually in the U.S., equating to over 480,000 deaths each year. STATISTICS ON PREVALENCE OF COMMON RISK FACTORS Poor Diet Only 12% of adults meet the recommended daily intake of fruits and vegetables. 36% of adults in the U.S. are classified as obese, largely due to poor dietary habits. STATISTICS ON PREVALENCE OF COMMON RISK FACTORS Physical Inactivity About 25% of adults aged 18 and older do not engage in regular physical activity. Sedentary behavior is associated with an increased risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers. STATISTICS ON PREVALENCE OF COMMON RISK FACTORS ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS Air Pollution Approximately, 4.2 million premature deaths worldwide are attributed to outdoor air pollution each year. In the U.S., about 30% of the population lives in areas where air quality does not meet federal standards. STATISTICS ON PREVALENCE OF COMMON RISK FACTORS ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS. Occupational Hazards: According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, over 2.8 million nonfatal workplace injuries and illnesses were reported in 2020. Certain industries, such as construction and manufacturing, have higher rates of exposure to hazardous conditions. STATISTICS ON PREVALENCE OF COMMON RISK FACTORS Family History An estimated 33% of individuals with a family history of heart disease are at higher risk of developing the condition themselves. About 20% of women and 15% of men with a family history of breast cancer will develop the disease STATISTICS ON PREVALENCE OF COMMON RISK FACTORS Genetic Disorders Conditions such as cystic fibrosis occur in approximately 1 in 3,500 births in the U.S. Sickle cell disease affects approximately100,000 Americans, predominantly individuals of African descent.  ACTIVITY 1. Working in your groups and using the same headings just discussed, Find statistics that indicate prevalence for the Caribbean and Trinidad and Tobago  ACTIVITY Working in your groups brainstorm preventive strategies. 3 Groups – Lifestyle modifications (diet and exercise) 3 Groups – Health promotion and screening 3 Groups – Screening and Early detection 3 Groups- Community health initiatives BE PREPARED TO PRESENT YOUR STRATEGIES IMPLICATIONS OF CHRONIC DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN NURSING PRACTICE Patient Education and Empowerment Role of Education Empowering Patients IMPLICATIONS OF CHRONIC DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN NURSING PRACTICE Holistic Care Approach Comprehensive Assessments Interdisciplinary Collaboration IMPLICATIONS OF CHRONIC DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN NURSING PRACTICE Chronic Disease Prevention Promoting Preventive Strategies Community Engagement IMPLICATIONS OF CHRONIC DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN NURSING PRACTICE Managing Comorbidities Complex Care Coordination Monitoring and Follow-Up IMPLICATIONS OF CHRONIC DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN NURSING PRACTICE Utilizing Technology and Data Health Informatics Data-Driven Decisions IMPLICATIONS OF CHRONIC DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN NURSING PRACTICE Addressing Health Disparities Cultural Competence Advocacy  ACTIVITY GROUP ANALYSIS ON CHRONIC DISEASE Case Study 1: Diabetes Management Patient Profile: - Name: John Smith - Age: 54 - Medical History: Recently diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes; overweight (BMI: 32); has a family history of diabetes and heart disease. - Current Medications: Metformin, antihypertensive medication. - Lifestyle: Sedentary job, minimal physical activity, frequently eats fast food, and struggles to monitor blood glucose levels. Challenges: - John has difficulty adhering to dietary changes and is often tempted by convenient, unhealthy food options. - He feels overwhelmed by the need to change his lifestyle and has expressed frustration about managing his diabetes. Discussion Questions: 1. Identify Risk Factors: What are the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors affecting John’s diabetes management? 2. Propose Preventive Strategies: What specific strategies can be implemented to support John in making lifestyle changes? Consider diet, exercise, and self-monitoring.  ACTIVITY GROUP ANALYSIS ON CHRONIC DISEASE Case Study 2: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)\ Patient Profile: - Name: Mary Johnson - Age: 68 - Medical History: Diagnosed with COPD 5 years ago; a former smoker (quit 2 years ago); has hypertension. - Current Medications: Inhalers (bronchodilators), corticosteroids. Challenges: - Mary experiences frequent exacerbations due to environmental triggers, such as air pollution and dust. She struggles to adhere to her medication regimen and often feels short of breath during physical activity. Discussion Questions: 1. What risk factors contribute to Mary’s COPD, and which are modifiable? 2. What strategies can be implemented to help Mary manage her condition and reduce exacerbations? Consider environmental adjustments, medication adherence, and physical activity.  ACTIVITY GROUP ANALYSIS ON CHRONIC DISEASE Case Study 3: Heart Disease Patient Profile: - Name: Robert Davis - Age: 62 - Medical History: Has a history of hypertension and high cholesterol; recently suffered a heart attack. - Current Medications: Statins, blood pressure medications, aspirin. Challenges: Robert is anxious about his heart health and feels uncertain about making necessary lifestyle changes. He often resorts to high-sodium snacks and struggles to incorporate exercise into his routine. Discussion Questions: 1. What are Robert’s modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for heart disease? 2. What interventions can be suggested to help Robert improve his heart health? Consider dietary modifications, physical activity, and stress management.  ACTIVITY INSTRUCTIONS GROUP ANALYSIS ON CHRONIC DISEASE Discuss the patient’s risk factors and challenges. Categorize the risk factors as modifiable or non-modifiable. Brainstorm and propose at least three specific preventive strategies tailored to your assigned patient. Prepare a brief presentation summarizing your analysis and proposed strategies. Present your findings to the class, followed by a discussion on the implications of your strategies for nursing practice. WHAT DID WE DO TODAY ? Defined chronic diseases and understand their significance in public health. Identified common risk factors associated with chronic diseases. Discussed preventive strategies to reduce the incidence of chronic diseases. Analysed case studies to apply knowledge of risk factors and prevention.