Week 7 - Special Senses, Blood & Lymphatic Systems.pptx
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Medical Terminology Week 7 – The Special Senses, The Blood, & Lymphatic Systems PARA 100 Rohan Shammi Goals for Today’s Lecture Provide an overview of terminology related to the special senses as well as the blood & lymphatic systems These terms are used to describe: The eyes, ears, and...
Medical Terminology Week 7 – The Special Senses, The Blood, & Lymphatic Systems PARA 100 Rohan Shammi Goals for Today’s Lecture Provide an overview of terminology related to the special senses as well as the blood & lymphatic systems These terms are used to describe: The eyes, ears, and the ear’s vestibular or balance systems The components that make up the blood The organs of the lymphatic system Which play an important role in immune response At the end of this lecture, you should be able to: Identify & define the major structures & functions of the eyes & ears Identify & define the most common pathologies related to the eyes & ears Identify & define diagnostic techniques, treatments, & procedures related to the eyes & ears Identify & define terms related to the blood & lymphatic systems Have a knowledge of the most common pathologies related to the blood & lymphatic systems Basic Anatomy & Physiology of the Eye The eyelids are continuous with the skin & cover the eyeball for protection & to help ensure the eye stays lubricated through the actions of blinking Lacrimal gland lies at the upper outer edge of each eye & produces tears Eyelashes are located along the edges of the eyelids & help to prevent the entry of foreign materials into the eye Allows for lubrication & cleaning, tears drain through the lacrimal duct located at the canthus or inner edge of the eye The sclera refers to the whites of the eye & is its outermost layer A tough, fibrous membrane that helps to maintain the shape of the eyeball & serve as a protective covering Conjunctiva is a thin mucous membrane covering only the anterior portion of the eye & lies above the sclera The cornea is the transparent layer covering the most anterior portion of the eye & lies overtop of the iris The iris refers to the coloured portion of the eye & the pupil lies its centre Acts like the aperture on a camera allowing more or less light to enter through the relaxation & contraction of the iris The lens lies below the iris & pupil, it is a biconvex structure that aids in focusing images on the retina, which is located at the posterior or back of the eye The retina is the sensitive nerve cell layer that changes the energy of the light rays entering into nerve impulses that are interpreted by the brain to produce vision There are 2 types of nerve cells in the retina: Rods & Cones Rods are concentrated at the outer edges of the retina and are specialized for low light & peripheral vision Cones are concentrated in the centre of the retina and allow for central & colour vision Ciliary body secretes aqueous humor, the fluid found in the anterior portion of the eye & controls the suspensory ligaments Ligaments hold the lens in place and can contract or relax to allow for proper focusing Eye can broadly be divided into the anterior & posterior chambers Anterior chamber is located in front of the lens, while the posterior chamber lies behind it Anterior chamber is filled with aqueous humor (clear & thin fluid), while the posterior chamber is filled with the vitreous humor (clear, but thicker/more jelly-like fluid) which helps to maintain the eyeball’s shape Refraction refers to the process of light rays passing through the various structure of the eye to produce a clear image on the retina, which interprets this information & transmits it to the brain via the optic nerve Important Terminology Related to the Anisocoria – Unequal diameter of the pupils of the eye, often a sign of TBI/CVA Eye Conjunctivitis – Inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye, common with infections like pink eye Floaters – One or more spots that appear to drift or ‘float’ across the visual field Typically made of tiny strands of vitreous humor that stick together & cast a shadow on the retina Lacrimation – Medical word for the secretion of tears or in other words crying Miosis – Abnormal constriction of the pupil, as seen following opiate use Mydriasis – Abnormal dilation of the pupil, as seen following sympathomimetic use Nystagmus - Involuntary, rhythmic jerking movements of the eye, these “quivering” movements may be from side to side, up and down, or a combination of both and can be a sign of neurological pathologies Opthalmology / Opthalmologist – The branch of medicine that specializes in the study of the diseases & disorders of the eye / A physician specializing in opthalmology Optometrist – Able to examine the eye to determine vision problems and can prescribe lenses Optician – Able to fill prescriptions for corrective lenses for glasses or for contact lenses Photophobia – Abnormal sensitivity to light, common following TBI or with meningitis Presbyopia – Difficulty/loss of vision for close objects, common consequence of aging Ptosis – Drooping of the eyelid Pathological Conditions of the Eye Astigmatism - A refractive error causing light rays entering the eye to be focused irregularly on the retina due to an abnormally shaped cornea or lens, causes blurred vision & discomfort Color blindness / Monochromatism – An inability to perceive visual colours Daltonism – Unable to distinguish greens from reds, sex-linked inherited disorder Achromatic vision – Cannot distinguish any colour, perceiving only white, gray, & black Cataract - The lens in the eye becomes progressively cloudy, losing its normal transparency and thus altering the perception of images due to the interference of light transmission to the retina Corneal abrasion - A disruption of the cornea’s surface epithelium commonly caused by an eyelash, a small foreign body, contact lenses, or a scratch from a fingernail Exopthalmia - An abnormal protrusion of the eyeball(s), usually with the sclera noticeable over the iris—typically due to an expanded volume of the orbital contents Glaucoma – Group of ocular disorders that occur due to increase in intraocular pressure Hyphema - A bleed into the anterior chamber of the eye resulting from a postoperative complication or from a blunt eye injury Hyperopia – A refractive error in which the lens of the eye cannot focus on an image accurately, resulting in impaired close vision that is blurred due to the light rays being focused behind the retina because the eyeball is shorter than normal. Also called farsightedness due to better clarity of distant objects Myopia - A refractive error in which the lens of the eye cannot focus on an image accurately, resulting in impaired distant vision that is blurred due to the light rays being focused in front of the retina because the eyeball is longer than normal. Also called nearsightedness due to the clarity of close objects Retinal Detachment - The partial or complete splitting away of the retina from the pigmented vascular layer called the choroid, interrupting vascular supply to the retina and thus creating a medical emergency Retinopathy – Any disease of the retina, common complication of diabetes & leading cause of blindness Strabismus - Failure of the eyes to gaze in the same direction due to weakness in the muscles controlling the position of one eye, may be convergent or divergent Diagnostic Techniques & Treatments for the Eye Corneal Transplant - Surgical transplantation of a donor cornea (cadaver’s) into the eye of a recipient, usually under local anesthesia LASIK - The LASIK (laser in situ keratomileusis) procedure is a form of laser vision correction for nearsightedness (myopia) Ophthalmoscopy - The examination of the external and internal structures of the eye with an instrument called an ophthalmoscope Retinal Photocoagulation - A surgical procedure that uses an argon laser to treat conditions such as glaucoma, retinal detachment, and diabetic retinopathy Slit-lamp Exam – The examination of the external and internal structures of the eye using a low-power microscope combined with a high-intensity light source that can be focused to shine as a slit beam Anatomy & Physiology of the Ear Ear is divided into 3 sections: External Ear – Visible portion of the ear, it contains the auricle or pinna which is the cartilage that makes up the ear/earlobe The tube leading from the auricle to the middle ear is the external auditory canal & is lined with tiny hairs (cilia) & ceruminous glands (secrete ear wax) The tympanic membrane or eardrum separates the external & middle ear Middle Ear – Directly next to the eardrum are 3 small bones known as the auditory ossicles and are named for their shape Malleus resembles a hammer and transmits sounds from the eardrum to the incus Incus resembles an anvil and transmits sounds to the stapes Stapes resemble are a stirrup and transmit sounds to the inner ear The tube that connects the middle ear to the pharynx (throat) is the eustachian tube Inner Ear – Separated from the middle ear by an oval shaped opening called the oval window Mazelike structure consisting of bony & membranous structures surrounded by fluid The bony structures of the inner ear are the vestibule, cochlea, & semi-circular canals Vestibule is the central portion located next to the stapes and between the cochlea/semi-circular canals, it contains the utricle & saccule which help to maintain balance Cochlea is a snail-shaped bony structure that contains the endolymph & perilymph, the auditory fluids that aid in the transmission of sound Yawning & swallowing open the eustachian tube to equalize the pressure within the middle ear It houses the organ of Corti, the true organ of hearing, a spiral structure that contains tiny hair cells that are stimulated by sound vibrations which are converted into nerve impulses that are interpreted by the brain Semi-circular canals are located behind the vestibule & are 3 bony fluid-filled loops that help to maintain balance Process of Hearing Sound vibrations are received by the auricle or pinna and funneled through the external auditory canal towards the tympanic membrane, causing it to vibrate Tympanic membrane transmits the vibrations to the 3 auditory ossicles which in turn vibrate the oval window Oval window transmits vibrations into the endolymph & perilymph within the inner ear causing the movement of the organs of Corti Organs of Corti are stimulated by different frequencies of sound, these are then turned into nerve impulses and transmitted to the brain which interprets the information creating our sense of hearing Pathological Conditions of the Ear Barotitis Media - Infl ammation or bleeding of the middle ear caused by sudden changes in atmospheric pressure, as in scuba diving or descent of an airplane (especially when one has a cold or an upper respiratory infection) Deafness – Refers to hearing loss Conductive - Hearing loss caused by the breakdown of the transmission of sound waves through the middle and/or external ear. This conductive hearing loss generally occurs when there is a mechanical abnormality in one of the following structures: oval or round windows, tympanic membrane, eustachian tube, ear ossicles, external auditory canal, and/or pinna Sensorineural - Hearing loss caused by the inability of nerve stimuli to be delivered to the brain from the inner ear due to damage to the auditory nerve or the cochlea or to lesions of the 8th cranial nerve (auditory). The results vary from a mild hearing loss to a profound hearing loss. Sensorineural hearing loss can occur because of the aging process or damaged hair cells of the organ of Corti, which may result from loud machinery noise, loud music, or medication side effects Impacted cerumen - An excessive accumulation of the waxlike secretions from the glands of the external ear canal. Excessive hair or dry and scaly skin in the ear canal, or a narrow ear canal, may lead to the accumulation of earwax (causing the ear canal to become impacted). The accumulation may cause a hearing loss or an earache Meniere’s disease - Chronic inner ear disease in which there is an overaccumulation of endolymph (fluid in the labyrinth) characterized by recurring episodes of vertigo (dizziness), hearing loss, feeling of pressure or fullness in the affected ear, and tinnitus; usually unilateral Otitis Externa - Inflammation of the outer or external ear canal; also called “swimmer’s ear.” This inflammation is produced from the growth of bacteria or fungi in the external ear Otitis Media - A middle ear infection, which predominately affects infants, toddlers, and preschoolers May present with a collection of clear fluid (serous otitis media) or purulent fluid (called suppurative otitis media, it is more painful & greater risk of damage to the tympanic membrane) Otorrhea – Refers to any leaking of fluid (ie: blood or CSF) from the ear Perforation of the Tympanic Membrane - Rupture of the tympanic membrane or eardrum. This condition may be due to middle ear trauma such as a severe middle ear infection, direct injury from a sharp object, barotrauma caused by an explosion, or explosive acoustic trauma Diagnostic Techniques & Treatments for the Ear Audiometry - The process of measuring how well an individual hears various frequencies of sound waves Otoscopy - The use of an otoscope to view and examine the tympanic membrane and various parts of the outer ear Tuning Fork Test - An examination that compares bone conduction and air conduction The base of a vibrating tuning fork is placed on the person’s mastoid bone and held there until sound can no longer be heard—at which time it is quickly moved in front of the ear near the ear canal At this time it is determined if the person continues to hear the sound at the ear canal The person with normal hearing will hear the sound vibrating through the air longer than through bone With conduction hearing loss, the sound will be heard longer through bone With sensorineural hearing loss, air conduction is longer, as is the normal hearing pattern Otoplasty - Removal of a portion of ear cartilage to bring the pinna and auricle nearer the head, often for cosmetic reasons Hearing Aids - Devices that amplify sound to provide more precise perception and interpretation of words communicated to the individual with a hearing deficit Otorhinolaryngology – Commonly referred to as ENTs, these are physicians who specialize in the treatment & care of conditions involving the ears, nose, & throat Blood Basics Blood is the liquid pumped by the heart through the arteries, veins, & capillaries 2 Major Functions of the Blood Transport oxygen & nutrients to the cells Removal of carbon dioxide & other waste products for elimination Total blood volume in an average adult male is 5 to 6L or for an average adult female 4 to 5L Hematology is the scientific study of blood & bloodforming tissues Hematologist is a medical specialist in the study of hematology Blood Composition The liquid portion of blood is known as plasma Plasma is a yellow or straw-coloured fluid that is 90% water Remaining portion consists of the following substances dissolved within it (solutes): Electrolytes, Proteins, Fats, Glucose, Bilirubin, & Gases The plasma proteins are the most abundant solutes and include: Albumins – Help to maintain normal blood volume & pressure (attract water from the ICF) Globulins – Transport lipids & fat-soluble vitamins, also function as part of the immune system Fibrinogen – Essential to the process of blood clotting or coagulation The solid components of the blood are the formed elements, which include the cells & cell fragments suspended in the plasma Hemopoiesis – Refers to the production of formed elements in the blood, which occurs in the red bone marrow There are 3 classifications of blood cells: Red Blood Cells (RBCs) or Erythrocytes are tiny biconcave-shaped discs whose main role is the transport of oxygen to the cells of the body (& aid in the transport of carbon dioxide for elimination) RBCs do not have nucleus & use the protein hemoglobin to transport O2/CO2 White Blood Cells (WBCs) or Leukocytes are grouped into 2 categories: Granulocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils, & basophils Neutrophils are phagocytic in nature (eat foreign materials like bacteria), Eosinophils increase in response to allergic reactions, Basophils secrete histamine (induce swelling) & heparin (a natural anti-coagulant) Agranulocytes include monocytes & lymphocytes Monocytes are phagocytic in nature, Lymphocytes can be phagocytic as well as produce antibodies Antibodies react to antigens (foreign substances) and attempt to destroy them Thrombocytes are also known as platelets and are essential for clotting or coagulation of blood There are 4 blood types (A, B, AB, & O), blood can also be classified based on whether they are Rh+ or Rh These are various antigens found on RBCs & if blood of one type is given to a person of another type, it will result in a reaction from antibodies causing agglutination or the clumping of RBCs (increasing risk of clots) Pathological Conditions of the Blood Anemia - A condition in which there is a decrease in hemoglobin in the blood to levels below the normal range, resulting in a deficiency of oxygen being delivered to the cells Aplastic - Also called bone marrow depression anemia, aplastic anemia is characterized by pancytopenia—an inadequacy of the formed blood elements (RBCs, WBCs, and platelets). The lack of formation of the blood elements is believed to be due to an insult to the bone marrow’s stem cells Hemolytic - Characterized by the extreme reduction in circulating RBCs due to their destruction Iron Deficiency – Inadequate hemoglobin level due to a lack of iron in the body Pernicious - Deficiency of mature RBCs and the formation and circulation of megaloblasts (large nucleated, immature, poorly functioning RBCs) with marked poikilocytosis (RBC shape variation) and anisocytosis (RBC size variation) Sickle Cell - Chronic hereditary form of hemolytic anemia in which the RBCs become shaped like a crescent in the presence of low oxygen concentration Thalassemia - A hereditary form of hemolytic anemia Hemophilia – Genetic/hereditary disorder that results in inadequacies of coagulation factors & results in increased risk of bleeding Leukemia – A form of cancer that results in excessive uncontrolled increase of immature WBCs in the blood eventually leading to infection, anemia, and thrombocytopenia (decreased number of platelets) Polycythemia - An abnormal increase in the number of RBCs, granulocytes, and thrombocytes, leading to an increase in blood volume and viscosity (thickness) Purpura - A collection of blood beneath the skin in the form of pinpoint hemorrhages appearing as red-purple skin discolorations Diagnostic Techniques & Treatments of the Blood Blood Transfusion - An administration of blood or a blood component to an individual to replace blood lost through surgery, trauma, or disease Bone Marrow Biopsy - The microscopic exam of bone marrow tissue, which fully evaluates hematopoiesis by revealing the number, shape, and size of the RBCs and WBCs and platelet precursors Bone Marrow Transplant - After receiving an intravenous infusion of aggressive chemotherapy or total-body irradiation to destroy all malignant cells and to inactivate the immune system, a donor’s bone marrow cells are infused intravenously into the recipient Complete Blood Cell Count (CBC) - A series of tests performed on peripheral blood, which inexpensively screens for problems in the hematologic system as well as several other organ systems Included in the CBC are: RBC count, Hemoglobin count, WBC count, Platelet count Count refers to the number of a substance per cubic millimeter of blood Hematocrit (% of blood volume that RBCs represent) WBC differential (determines the proportion of each of the 5 types of WBCs Blood Terminology Edema - The abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues Ascites – Accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity (abdomen) Bilirubin – Bile formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin in RBCs after the end of their normal life span Erythropoietin - A hormone synthesized mainly in the kidneys and released into the bloodstream in response to anoxia (lack of oxygen) The hormone acts to stimulate and regulate the production of erythrocytes and is thus able to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood Used as a performance enhancing drug in elite athletes (ie: Tour de France) Hemoglobin - A complex protein–iron compound in the blood that carries oxygen to the cells from the lungs and carbon dioxide away from the cells to the lungs & is found on RBCs Hemolysis - The breakdown of red blood cells and the release of hemoglobin that occurs normally at the end of the life span of a red cell Hemorrhage - A loss of a large amount of blood in a short period of time, either externally or internally, may be arterial, venous, or capillary Hyperlipidemia – Commonly referred to as high cholesterol, refers to an excessive level of blood fats Leukocytopenia – An abnormal decrease in the number of WBCs (low WBC count) Septicemia or Sepsis - Systemic infection in which pathogens are present in the circulating bloodstream, having spread from an infection in any part of the body Serology – Commonly used to refer to blood work (CBC), officially refers to the branch of laboratory medicine that studies blood serum for evidence of infection by evaluating antigen–antibody reactions Thrombocytopenia - An abnormal hematologic condition in which the number of platelets is reduced leading to increased risk of hemorrhage Lymphatic System Basics Lymphatic System Consists of: Lymph fluid (which comes from blood & tissue fluid) Lymph vessels, which hold the lymph fluid (similar to blood vessels) Lymph nodes are located along the paths of the lymphatic system It also includes the specialized lymphatic organs of the thymus, spleen, & tonsils 2 Most Important Functions of the Lymphatic System are: Produce antibodies & lymphocytes that are important to the immune system Maintain a balance of fluid within the internal environment Water & Solutes are continually filtering out of the ICF & blood vessels and entering the lymphatic capillaries (smallest lymph vessels) & becoming lymphatic fluid This fluid gets transported into larger lymph vessels before entering one of the 2 lymphatic ducts: The Right Lymphatic Duct empties into the R subclavian vein (below the collarbone) The Thoracic Duct empties into the L subclavian vein Organs of the Lymphatic System Lymph Nodes - Located at various intervals along the course of the lymphatic system vessels are collections of lymphatic tissue, they are also called the lymph glands The cervical lymph nodes (neck) Submandibular lymph nodes (below the jaw) Axillary lymph nodes (armpits) Inguinal lymph nodes (groin) As the lymph passes through the stationary lymph nodes, two processes occur: old, dead cells and bacteria present in the lymph are filtered out so that they will not be emptied into the blood vessels, and phagocytes called macrophages engulf and destroy the bacteria (which are filtered out) Thymus - a single gland located in the mediastinum, near the middle of the chest, just beneath the sternum. It secretes a hormone called thymosin, which stimulates the red bone marrow to produce T lymphocytes (T cells), which are important in the immune response The major concentrations of lymph nodes throughout the body are: T cells enter the blood and circulate throughout the body (providing defense against disease by attacking foreign and/or abnormal cells) Spleen - Located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen just below the diaphragm and behind the stomach, is the largest lymphatic organ in the body The spleen plays an important role in the immune response by filtering blood in much the same way the lymph nodes filter the lymph The macrophages of the spleen remove pathogens of all types from circulating blood They also remove old red blood cells from circulation, breaking them down and forming bile that is returned to the liver to be excreted in bile The spleen contains venous sinuses that serve as a storage reservoir for blood & in emergencies, such as hemorrhage, the spleen can release blood back into the general circulation Tonsils – Masses of lymphatic tissue located in a protective ring, just under the mucous membrane, surrounding the mouth and back of the throat Help protect against bacteria and other harmful substances that may enter the body through the nose or mouth Serving as the first line of defense from the external environment, the tonsils are subject to chronic infection or Immune System Basics The lymphatic system is an important part of the immune system, which protects the body against disease-producing organisms (pathogens) and other foreign microorganisms to which it is continually exposed The body’s ability to counteract the effects of pathogens and other harmful agents is called resistance. If the body lacks resistance to pathogens and other harmful agents, it is said to be susceptible Immunity is the state of being resistant to or protected from a disease Immunology is the study of the reaction of tissues of the immune system to antigens Natural immunity is that with which we are born. It is also called genetic immunity. Some pathogens cannot affect certain species For example, humans do not suffer from canine distemper, nor do canines suffer from human measles Natural immunity is considered a permanent form of immunity to a specific disease. Acquired immunity is immunity indicating that the body has developed the ability to defend itself against a specific agent This protection can occur as a result of having had the particular disease or from having received immunizations against a disease Acquired immunity can be divided further into two categories: Passive acquired immunity is acquired artificially by injecting antibodies from the blood of other individuals or animals into a person’s body to protect him or her from a specific disease, this type of immunity is immediate but short lived, lasting only a few weeks Active acquired immunity is either acquired naturally as a result of having had a disease or artificially by being inoculated with a vaccine, antigen, or toxoid With natural acquired immunity, an individual who has a full-blown case of a disease such as measles will usually develop enough antibodies to prevent a recurrence of the disease With artificial acquired immunity, an individual receives a vaccine, antigen, or toxoid to stimulate the formation of antibodies within his or her body Immune Reaction The immune reaction (immune response) is a defensive function of the body that results in the production of antibodies to destroy invading antigens Antigens are anything that trigger an immune response, these include viruses, bacteria, & other pathogens as well as non-harmful substances (ie: allergic reaction) Humoral Immune Response B lymphocytes present in the lymphoid tissue come into contact with invading antigens and produce antibodies also known as immunoglobulins Antibodies then destroy the invading antigens (pathogens) Cell-Mediated Immune Response T lymphocytes mature in the thymus & enter the blood stream providing a defence against disease by attacking foreign or abnormal cells T lymphocytes digest the invading antigens (pathogens) Autoimmune Disorders – Refers to any disorder in which the individual’s immune system functions abnormally causing it to form antibodies that react against its own tissues Hypersensitivity & Allergic Hypersensitivity is an abnormal condition characterized by an Reactions excessive reaction to a particular stimulus It occurs when the body’s immune system fails to protect itself against foreign material The allergic response is triggered by allergens Examples of allergens include ingested foods, penicillin and other antibiotics, grass, ragweed pollen, and bee or wasp stings These allergens stimulate the formation of antibodies that produce the characteristic allergic reactions Allergic reactions vary from mild to severe, and from local to systemic A local reaction is one that occurs at the site where treatment or medication was administered A systemic reaction is one that is evidenced by generalized body symptoms such as runny nose, itchy eyes, hives, and rashes Anaphylaxis - A severe and sometimes fatal hypersensitive (allergic) reaction to a previously encountered antigen It is the result of an antigen-antibody reaction that causes a massive release of histamine (causing swelling & other effects) IgE antibodies are responsible for allergic reactions Pathological Conditions, Diagnostics, & Treatments of the Lymphatic System Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) - Involves clinical syndrome (AIDS) conditions that destroy the body’s immune system in the last or final phase of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, which primarily damages helper T cell lymphocytes with CD4 receptors Cytomegalovirus - Large herpes-type virus with a wide variety of disease effects It causes serious illness in persons with AIDS, in newborns, and in individuals who are being treated with immunosuppressive drugs (as in individuals who have received an organ transplant) The virus usually results in retinal or gastrointestinal infection Lymphoma – Tumour of the lymphoid tissue that is typically malignant Beginning with a painless enlarged lymph node(s) and progressing to anemia, weakness, fever, and weight loss Hodgkin’s disease is characterized by progressive painless enlargement of a malignant tumor of the lymph tissue in the lymph nodes and spleen Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is the classification of any type of malignant lymphoma other than Hodgkin’s disease, including histiocytic lymphoma and lymphocytic lymphomas Mononucleosis - Usually caused by the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), mono typically is a benign selflimiting acute infection of the B lymphocytes Myasthenia Gravis – An autoimmune disease in which antibodies block or destroy some acetylcholine receptor sites Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) – Commonly called lupus, an inflammatory connective tissue disease, chronic in nature, in erythematosus (SLE) which immune complexes are formed from the reaction of SLE autoantibodies and their corresponding antigens CT Scan is usually required to diagnose conditions of the lymphatic system Immunotherapy – A special treatment of allergic responses that administers increasingly large doses of the offending allergen to gradually develop immunity Wrap Up There are a lot of terminologies related to the special senses, blood, & lymphatic systems This lecture is just meant to give an overview of the basic anatomy & physiology as well as terminologies related to these systems As well as orient you to the most common pathological conditions, diagnostic assessments, & treatments Next week is a well-deserved reading break! We move on to the cardiovascular system in week 8
