Week 4 - Methodology of Communication Science PDF

Truth Unveil Good day, everyone! Are you ready? Let's begin Table of contents 01 Information Reception 02 Verbal Messages 01 Information Reception Introduction Information reception involves attending to and transforming environmental messages into a form that can be used to guide behaviou...

Truth Unveil Good day, everyone! Are you ready? Let's begin Table of contents 01 Information Reception 02 Verbal Messages 01 Information Reception Introduction Information reception involves attending to and transforming environmental messages into a form that can be used to guide behaviour. This process is an active one, consisting of three elements, that is, information selection, interpretation, and retention. Selection o In some circumstances, we select certain information sources to attend to and disregard others. Even in a simple situation we make a number of elaborate decisions, and we are unaware of many of them. o The selection process operates similarly in all situation. Consider a circumstance where we pause in a hallway to chat with an acquaintance. Selection (cont.) o First, the very act of noticing the other person involves selection of particular communication sources. o Triggered by the constellation of factors associated with the appearance of the other person. I so doing, we ignore other potential cues through a complexity selectivity process that has occupied the attention of many scholars over the years. Interpretation o Interpretation occurs when we assign meaning or significance to a cue or message in the environment whether to regard it as important or trivial, serious or humourous, new or old, contradictory or consistent, amusing or alarming. Retention-memory o Memory plays an indispensable role in the interpretative process. We are able to store and actively use an incredible amount of information, and we can locate and use it with an efficiency and ease of operation that is astounding. o Information that is so to be further used becomes a part of what is called short term memory and is available for a relatively restricted period of time, perhaps 15 seconds. Retention-memory (cont.) o Some of the information is further processed and elaborated to become a part of our long term memory. o Episodic memory relate to recollections and retrieval of information regarding personal happenings, particular objects, people, and events experiences by an individual at a specific time and place. Receiver Influence o For each of us, a complex set of influences works together to influence our decisions as to which messages we will attend to and how we will interpret and retain the information that results. Many of these have to do with the nature of the receiver. o Among the most crucial factors that play a role in reception are what are commonly termed needs. Receiver Influence (cont.) o The attitudes, preferences and predispositions one has about particular topics, person, or situations also play a critical role in information receiving activities and outcomes. For instance, people will generally attend to and be favourably disposed towards messages, sources, and interpretations that support their present views before they consider non supportive message, sources and conclusions. Receiver Influence (cont.) o When an individual decides to pursue a particular plan, career, personal relationship, or personal challenge, that goal serves to direct his or her attention towards certain information sources and away from others. o Capability created by our level of intelligence, previous experience with a particular topic area, and facility with language have an important impact on kinds of message we attend to and the manner in which we interpret and retain them. Receiver Influence (cont.) o We attend to and devote effort to understand and remember messages we think we will need or be able to use. o Communication style can influence information reception in two ways. o Many of our information reception tendencies develop as a result of our experiences and habits. Message (information) Influences o In addition to factors associated with receivers, characteristics of the information, or message, also have a major impact on selection, interpretation, and retention. Five particularly important considerations are origin, mode, physical character, organisation and novelty. Source Influences o Some of our most interesting and complex information reception decisions involve interpersonal sources. Our decisions depend on a number of factors including: proximity, attractiveness, similarity, credibility, authoritativeness, motivation, intent, delivery, status, power, and authority. Technological and Environmental Influences o As its progress increase rapidly, technology provide so many options which can help the process of communication to occur more interesting. o The context, repetition and consistency and competition in the environment will influence the process of communication. An Active and Complex Process o Selection, interpretation, and reception are basic to message reception, and reception is fundamental to communicating. These activities are influenced by any number of the factors discussed, making information processing one of the most active and complex facets of human communication.  02 Verbal Messages Message Production o In producing a message, we need to make some illustrations to find out what kind of message we are going to create. Encoding and Decoding o Process of converting an idea into a message is termed encoding. o Process of converting a message into an idea is termed decoding. Process-versus meaning-centred Models of Communication o Introduced to emphasise the process of communication. The Nature of Language o Biological structure that everybody have in the process of producing vocal to deliver an information are mouth, lips, tongue, larynx, vocal cord, etc. Every part has its own function which is related to each other in the process of producing vocal. Voice production mechanism Cognitive Factor o Beside the physiological factor, the process of delivering a message is also influenced by the process of brain and neuro system. The part of brain that influences the process of vocal production are Wernicke and Broca areas which are located at the left hemisphere of the human brain. Cognitive Factor Language Acquisition o Development process of language skills of someone starts from early life till old. Representation o At the most basic level, language enables us to name and symbolically represent elements in our world. Limitation of Language for Representation o The principle of Non-Identity. This principle reminds us that words are not the same order of stuff as the realities to which they refer. o The principle of Non-Allness. This principle asserts that the map is not the territory – our language can never represent all of the object, event, or person to which we are referring. o The principle of Self-Reflexiveness. This principle calls attention to the problem that can arise when we use language to talk about our use of language. Conversation o Negotiation of meaning. Simply, conversation can be determined as a process when two individuals negotiate each other ideas of message to convince the other in the conversation. o Rules and ritual. Conversation (cont.) o Language and gender. Individual communication behaviour is used by both men and women. There are scholars who believe that men and women learn to speak differently and that men and women have internalised different norms of conversation. Men adopt more competitive style in communication and women adopt cooperative style. Concerning the gender; talking about masculinity and femininity, this difference may vary by culture. o Initiation. Women spend more time initiating conversation than men. Conversation (cont.) o Conversational maintenance and question asking. Women generally spend more time and effort facilitating the continuation of conversation. A research shows 70% of questions asked were posed by women in a conversation with men. o Argumentativeness. Is defined as a stable trait that predisposes an individual in communication situation to advocate position on controversial issues and to verbally attack the positions that other people take on these issues. Conversation (cont.) o Lexical and phonological characteristics. Studies showed that women use larger vocabulary to discuss topics about which they have greater interest and are broader. And conversely, in areas when men have greater expertise, their vocabularies are broader. o Content and relationship. A message delivered which has two meanings in it. Which first refers to the questioner itself and then to the responder. Conversation (cont.) o Metacommunication: Sometimes we engage in conversations about our conversations; or to put it differently, we communicate about communication. Social and Public Communication o Production and distribution of social realities. Language is the primary means used for social and public expression. We are confronted by public speeches on all topics, as well as by news, entertainment, advertisements, e-mail, and public relations messages. These messages are a pervasive part of the environment in which we live.  “Everything is theoretically impossible, until it is done.” — Robert A. Heinlein Thanks! Do you have any questions? [email protected] +60164985660 CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, and infographics & images by Freepik