Week 4 - IT Era.pdf

COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER Components of a Computer System Hardware Software People ware Data ware Hardware refers to the physical and tangible components of the computer system. Components of the Internal Hardware 1.CPU...

COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER Components of a Computer System Hardware Software People ware Data ware Hardware refers to the physical and tangible components of the computer system. Components of the Internal Hardware 1.CPU The central processing unit (CPU) executes all the instructions and it is considered the brain of the computer system. The parts of the CPU are control unit (CU) and arithmetic/logic unit (ALU). Other parts that go along with the processor are bus, ports, expansion slots, and registers. Hardware CPU – Central Processing Unit Hardware Components of the internal hardware 2. Memory - It stores data and instructions before the execution and the processed data as well Types of Memory Internal Memory Random-Access Memory (RAM) – It is a volatile type of memory - refers to as Main Memory or Primary Memory Read-Only Memory (ROM) – contains permanently stored instructions that cannot be changed. External Memory Secondary Memory - Also known as Auxiliary Memory. - It is a non-volatile type of memory that is responsible foe keeping files permanently. Hardware Memory Hardware Components of the internal hardware 3. Input and Output Unit it allows communication between the computer and its outside world via input and output devices. Other parts that go along with the Processor: Bus - It is an electronic circuit that sends data and messages between the other components. Ports - It attach input and output devices to the computer. Expansion slots - It allow the addition of extra features. Registers - Are special temporary storage which quickly accepts, stores, and transfers data and instructions for immediate use. Hardware Motherboard Hardware Components of the external hardware Input hardware Processing hardware Storage hardware Output hardware Communication hardware Hardware Components of the external hardware Input Hardware - it accept or collect data and convert it into a form suitable for processing. TYPES Keyboard- Entry Devices Keyboards. It is the most commonly used input device. Terminals. It consists of keyboard, video display screen and a communication line to a mainframe computer. THREE TYPES OF TERMINAL Dumb – can be used only to input data to and receive information from a computer system. Smart – can do input and output and has some limited processing capability. Intelligent – a full fledge microcomputer with a communication link. Hardware Components of the external hardware Input Hardware TYPES Direct-Entry Devices Pointing Devices Mouse – a pointing device that allows you to control an on-screen cursor. Trackball – the upside-down version of the mouse. A ball mounted in box is rolled with the fingers to move the cursor. Joystick – a video display screen that picks up input from the user through the touch of a finger. Light pen –it is a point and draw input device that allows you to draw directly on screen. Digitizing tablet – a pen-like device with which the user “sketches” an image or puck Pen based systems – a pen like stylus to enter handwriting and marks into a computer.  Hardware JOYSTICK MOUSE TRACKBALL LIGHT PEN DIGITIZING TABLET PEN BASED SYSTEM Hardware Components of the external hardware Input Hardware TYPES Scanning Device - It translates images of text, drawing, and photos and the like into forms of data that can be understood by the computer. Bar code readers – photoelectric scanner that translate the bar code symbols into digital forms. Mark and Character recognitions devices MICR (Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition) – it reads the strange-looking numbers printed at the bottom of bank checks OMR (Optical Mark Recognition) – it reads pencil marks OCR(Optical Character Recognition) – it reads special preprinted characters Hardware Components of the external hardware Input Hardware Fax Machine (Facsimile Transmission Machine) – it scans an image and sends it as an electronic signals over telephone lines Imaging Systems/Image Scanner/ Graphics Scanner – it converts text, drawings, and photographs into forms Smart Cards and Optical cards Smart cards – it contain a microprocessor and a memory chip. Optical Cards – it s a plastic, laser-recordable card used with an optical card reader. Hardware Components of the external hardware Input Hardware Other Devices Voice Recognition Systems – they convert human speech into digital code. Audio- Input Device – they record or play analog sounds Video- Input Devices – signals that come from VCR o r a camera recorder Electronic cameras – they capture images in electronic form Sensors – it collects specific kinds of data directly from the environment Hardware Components of the external hardware Processing Hardware - It is used to retrieve and execute the instructions provided by the computer Main Components CPU Main Memory System Unit –it contains electrical components that make the computer works. Power supply – is a device that converts AC to DC power to run the computer. Motherboard – it is the main circuit board in the system unit. CPU – the microprocessor chip. Specialized Processor chips – used to speed up your computer system System clock – it controls how fast all operations within a computer are performed. Hardware Components of the external hardware Processing Hardware System Unit (continue) RAM chips - chips that temporarily hold data and instructions ROM chips – chips containing programs that are built into the computer Cache memory – is the special high-speed memory that the CPU can access quickly. Expansion slots and boards- are sockets on the motherboard into which you can plug expansion cards or boards. Bus line – the electrical pathways through which nits are transmitted within the CPU and between the CPU and other devices in the system unit. Port – the sockets on the outside of the system unit that each connected to an expansion board on the inside of the system unit. PCMICIA slots and cards – it represents a new bus standard for notebooks, subnotebooks and pocket computers. Hardware Components of the external hardware Storage Hardware. It temporarily or permanently store data used for processing and the output of such processing. Two types: Primary Storage – refers to main memory (RAM). Secondary Storage- refers to storage devices that retain data and instruction in a relatively permanent (non-volatile) form. Diskettes Hard disks Optical storage – use a laser beam to pack information densely on are movable disk Magnetic tapes – a sequential file storage represented by various arrangements of magnetized spots along the width of the tape Magnetic disk – a metal plotter where data is represented by magnetized spots on the tracks. Hardware Components of the external hardware Storage (continue) Magnetic strip – a recording of a data cell device capable of storing 400 million of data Paper tape – a continuous strip of paper wound on a reel where data is represented by holes punched on the paper. Drum – a recording medium of data represented by magnetized spots that is coated with a magnetically sensitive material divided into tracks. Continuous forms – a long sheets of paper where data is represented thru print out. Computer Output Microfilm (COM)- stores large volume of information printed or photographed as a very small images on sheets or roll of film called Microfiche. Hardware Components of the external hardware Output Hardware - It provide a means for the user to view information produced by the computer system. Two forms: Hardcopy – it is when an information has been recorded in a tangible medium, such as paper or microfilm Softcopy – it is when an output is temporarily displayed on the screen Hardcopy Output Hardware: Printer – it is capable of printing characters, symbols and graphics. Categories: Impact printer – it has contact with papers like daisy wheel printers, dot-matrix printers and line printers Non-impact printers –it has no contact with the paper like laser printer, ink-jet printers and thermal printers. Hardware Components of the external hardware Output Hardware (continue) Hardcopy Output Hardware: Plotter – they are specialized output devices that can produce high quality graphics in a variety of colors. 3 types: Pen plotter – the most popular type of plotter Electrostatic plotter – electrostatic charges create tiny dots on specially treated paper. Thermal plotter – its pins are electronically heated and are used with heat-sensitive paper to produce images. Softcopy Output Hardware: Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) – the most popular softcopy output device used on microcomputers Flat Panel Displays – they are used with portable computers. Hardware Components of the external hardware Communication Hardware It facilitate the connection between computers connected with a network of computers over phone lines and other channels. Includes: Modems - it converts digital signals to analog signals. Cable – commonly used in networking, to facilitate the communication between those computers. Fax modems – a modem with fax capability installed as a circuit board in the motherboard of a computer Multiplexers – it combines several low-speed transmission into one high-speed transmission. Concentrator- it collects data in a temporary storage area, then send it forward when enough has been accumulated. Front-end Processor- a computer that handles communications for mainframes. Software Categories of Software 1. System software- facilitating applications programs. Types of system software a. operating system - refers to a group of related programs that supervise the execution of an application program b. operating environment - refers to programs that sit on top of OS c. utilities - a single term for all types of programming aids d. programming damages - the programs used to write other programs e. language processor - used to convert source program into a form suitable for execution compliers assemblers interpreters Software Categories of Software 2. Application software- use program designed to solve problem. Types of application software Types of Package Programs Package program a. word processing h. groupware software - commonly called application i. software suites package. b. desktop j. desktop publishing accessories Custom program software k. personal - specifically written for an c. spread sheet information software organization. manager d. data base l. project management Levels of programming languages management system software 1. Machine language e. graphic software m. multimedia 2. Symbolic language f. communication software software 3. High level language g. integrated software Peopleware refers to the personnel involved in data processing operations Functional Areas of Peopleware: Systems Programming System analysts Application programming Computer Operations Personnel: Data Entry Operator Computer Operator Computer Programmer System Analysts Computer Center Director THANK YOU!