Week 3 Theories of Leadership: The Trait Era PDF

Week 3 Theories of Leadership: The Trait Era MGT355 – Leadership in Organisations  Contents Eras of Leadership Scholarship The trait era Intelligence Personality traits The behavioural era Task and relationship behaviours The contingency era...

Week 3 Theories of Leadership: The Trait Era MGT355 – Leadership in Organisations  Contents Eras of Leadership Scholarship The trait era Intelligence Personality traits The behavioural era Task and relationship behaviours The contingency era Fiedler’s Contingency Model The Normative Decision Model Path-Goal Theory Leader-Member Exchange Model (LMX)  Eras of Leadership Scholarship The trait era: 1800s to mid-1940s Focus on leader personality The behavior era: mid-1940s to 1970s Focus on leader behavior The contingency era: early 1960s to present Focus on understanding both the leader and the leadership situation  The Trait Era—Assumptions Assumptions Leaders are born Leaders have special characteristics and traits Leaders and followers have different traits  The ‘Great Man’ Theory Attempted to prove that leaders and followers are fundamentally different. Hundreds of research studies looked at whether certain personality traits, physical attributes, intelligence, or personal values differentiated leaders from followers. Researchers made two conclusions: Leaders were not qualitatively different than followers. However, intelligence, initiative, stress tolerance, responsibility, friendliness, and dominance were  What is Intelligence? Intelligence is a person’s all-around effectiveness in activities directed by thought. Intelligent leaders: Are faster learners. Make better assumptions, deductions, and inferences. Are better at creating a compelling vision and strategizing to make their vision a reality. Can develop better solutions to problems. Can see more of the primary and secondary implications of their decisions. Are quicker on their feet than leaders who are less intelligent. Intelligence is relatively difficult to change because of heredity but can be modified with education and experience.  IQ (Intelligence Quotient) test Numbe 7 r Aptitud dimensions e Memor Verbal y Comprehensi on Intellect Spatial ual Perceptua Visualizati Ability l Speed on Deductiv e Inductive Reasonin Reasoning g  The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence The triarchic theory of intelligence focuses on what a leader does when solving complex mental problems. According to the theory, there are three basic types of intelligence. 1. Analytic intelligence: general problem-solving ability 2. Practical intelligence: street smarts 3. Creative intelligence: ability to produce novel and useful work Implications of the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Leadership effectiveness or emergence is positively correlated with triarchic intelligence. It also seems to be correlated with emotional intelligence  Emotional Intelligence Emotional intelligence is the ability to identify and manage your own emotions and the emotions of others. It is generally said to include three skills: emotional awareness; the ability to harness emotions and apply them to tasks like thinking and problem solving; and the ability to manage emotions, which includes regulating your own emotions and cheering up or calming down other people. It can be assessed using 5 dimensions  Emotional Intelligence Self-awareness Self-awareness==KnowingKnowing one’s self, one’s self, including includingappreciation appreciationofofone's one'semotions, emotions, strengths, strengths,weaknesses, weaknesses,drives, values drives, valuesand and goals goals Self-management = Ability to manage your Self-management = Ability to manage your emotions emotionsandandimpulses impulses Self-motivation = Ability to motivate Self-motivation = Ability to motivate oneself and persist oneself and persist Empathy = Ability to sense and understand Empathy = Ability to sense and understand what others feel what others feel Social Skills = Ability to manage relationships Social Skillswith = Ability others to manage  Personality and Leadership Personality is also predictive of leadership emergence and effectiveness. There are many personality models – here the Big Five Model is presented All the dimensions of the model are believed to be linked to effective leadership  The Big Five Model of Personality Dimensions Extroversion Sociable, gregarious, and assertive Agreeableness Good-natured, cooperative, and trusting Conscientiousness Responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized Emotional Stability Calm, self-confident, secure under stress (positive), versus nervous, depressed, and insecure under stress (negative) Openness to Experience Curious, imaginative, artistic, and sensitive  Leadership Styles definitions An authoritarian leadership style is exemplified when a leader dictates policies and procedures, decides what goals are to be achieved, and directs and controls all activities without any meaningful participation by the subordinates Democratic leadership is a type of leadership style in which members of the group take a more participative role in the decision-making process. Everyone is given the opportunity to participate, ideas are exchanged freely, and discussion is encouraged. Laissez-faire leadership is a type of leadership style in which leaders are hands-off and allow group members to make the decisions. Leadership styles questionnaire