Medical & Traumatic Emergencies Week 3 PDF

Medical & Traumatic Emergencies Week 3 – Musculoskeletal Injuries & Diseases PARA 1503 Rohan Shammi Musculoskeletal System  Musculoskeletal System (MSK) includes the body’s bones (skeleton), muscles, cartilage...

Medical & Traumatic Emergencies Week 3 – Musculoskeletal Injuries & Diseases PARA 1503 Rohan Shammi Musculoskeletal System  Musculoskeletal System (MSK) includes the body’s bones (skeleton), muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that supports/binds tissues and organs together  Primary Functions:  Movement – Skeletal muscles pull on bones causing movements at the joints  Support – Skeletal system provides framework/support, muscles support internal organs  Protection – Skeletal muscles cushion the internal organs  Heat Generation – Muscle metabolism generates heat, helps to maintain body temp  Blood Circulation – Cardiac muscles allow the heart to pump blood  Storage – Skeletal system stores calcium and phosphorus in the bones  If mineral levels are high they can be stored in bone, if levels are low they can be ‘withdrawn’ from the bone  Hematopoiesis – Red marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) that are responsible for creation of new blood cells  Erythrocytes/RBCs, platelets, leukocytes form in the red marrow  Skeletal System  Skeletal Subdivisions:  Axial Division  Skeletal Subdivisions:  Axial  Appendicular  Head (incl. bones of the skull & face)  Auditory Ossicles  Hyoid Bone  Thorax (incl. rib cage & sternum)  Vertebral or Spinal Column  Appendicular Division  Pectoral girdle (incl. L/R scapula and L/R clavicle)  Upper Arms & Hands  Pelvic Girdle  Upper Legs (incl. Ankles/Feet) Types of Bone  Bone is a type of dense connective tissue (osseous)  Bones contain bone tissue, bone marrow, blood vessels, epithelium, and nerves  There are 2 types of Bone Tissue:  Cortical bone is compact, while Cancellous bone is ‘spongy’  Cortical bone forms the hard exterior, while cancellous bone fills the interior  2 Types of Bone Cells:  Osteoblasts are involved in creation & mineralization of bone (create new bone)  Osteoclasts reabsorb bone tissue (destroy excess bone tissue)  Long Bones  Longer than they are wide, include the femur, tibia/fibia, humerus, radius, ulna  Short Bones  About as long as they are wide, include wrist/ankle bones (carpals, tarsals)  Flat Bones  Protect internal organs such as the brain, heart, and pelvic organs. They are flattened and include the skull, thoracic cage (sternum/ribs), and pelvis  Most RBCs are produced in the marrow of flat bones  Sesamoid Bones  Bones embedded in tendons, commonly found in the hands, knees, and feet. Includes the patella  Irregular Bones  Vary in shape/structure and do not fit into any other previous category. Typically have a complex shape, which helps to protect internal organs. Includes the vertebrae and some bones of the pelvis (pubis, ilium, ischium) Muscle System  3 Muscle Types  Skeletal – Under conscious control through peripheral nervous system.  Has 2 attachments to bone (origin is more fixed/proximal) and insertion (more movable/distal)  Facilitates body movement through muscle contraction, maintains body position through muscle tone, stabilizes the joints and prevents excessive movement, maintains body temperature by producing heat through muscle contraction  Well supplied with nervous tissue (neuromuscular junction is where nervous system & MSK system interface) & blood vessels (to allow for aerobic respiration)  Contractions are rapid and forceful  Smooth – Found in the walls of hollow organs (urinary bladder, uterus) and in the walls of tubes (respiratory system, digestive system, circulatory system)  Controlled by autonomic nervous system (outside of conscious control), regulates the size of the lumen in tubular structures (vasoconstriction/dilation).  Contractions are slow and strong  Cardiac – Primarily found in the myocardium, controlled by the autonomic nervous system, but can contract spontaneously without outside input  Strong and rhythmic contractions  Muscle Properties:  Contractility – Ability to contract/shorten  Excitability – Ability to respond to stimuli  Extensibility – Ability to stretch without tearing  Elasticity – Ability to return to its normal shape Supporting Cast  Cartilage is a type of dense connective tissue, has multiple forms:  Hyaline Cartilage is most widespread, forms articular surfaces of long bones, rib tips, rings of trachea, and parts of the skull. Primarily made up of collagen.  Fibrous Cartilage is found in dense tendon and ligament tissue. Flexible and tough due its fibrous tissue, but remains elastic due to cartilaginous tissue.  Elastic cartilage is similar to hyaline, but contains yellow elastic fibers that give it great flexibility to withstand repeated bending. Found in the epiglottis and the ear.  Tendon is a tough, flexible band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.  When a muscle contracts, it pulls on bone to cause movement. The tendon is what transmits this force.  Joint is where 2 bones meet, they allow for articulation during movement.  Synarthroses or Fibrous joints exist between bones that have little or no movement (ie: skull)  Cartilaginous joint unite two bones by means of fibro or hyaline cartilage. Mostly found in the vertebral/spinal column skeleton as well as junction of the ribs, sternum, and symphysis pubis.  Synovial joint consists of a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid and the ends of the bones are covered in hyaline cartilage. Allow for movement of articulating bones, includes most joints of the appendicular skeleton.  Joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid to facilitate movement  Ligament is a dense, white band of fibrous elastic tissue.  Connect the ends of bones together to form a joint, help to limit joint dislocation and restrict improper hyperextension and hyperflexion.  Fascia are a fibrous tissue network located between the skin and the underlying structure of muscle and bone.  Composed of 2 layers, a superficial layer and a deep layer.  Superficial fascia is attached to the skin and is especially dense in the scalp, back of the neck, palms of the hands where it serves to anchor skin firmly to the underlying tissue.  Deep fascia underlies the superficial layers, it is thin but strong, and serves to cover the muscles and partition them into groups. General Trauma Principles  Trauma is the 4th leading cause of death in the United States across all age groups  Leading cause of death in patients