Week 2.1 - Minerals, Rocks, and Mining Methods PDF

Minerals, Rocks and Mining Methods Vince Sharman Aure Learning Objectives 1. Identify the minerals important to society 2. Describe how ore minerals are found, mined, and processed for human use 3. Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical propert...

Minerals, Rocks and Mining Methods Vince Sharman Aure Learning Objectives 1. Identify the minerals important to society 2. Describe how ore minerals are found, mined, and processed for human use 3. Identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties 4. Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic 5. Identify the minerals important to society. 6. Describe how ore minerals are found, mined, and processed for human use  TABLE OF CONTENTS 01 02 Mineral and its Mineral Groups physical properties 03 04 05 Rocks Mineral Mining Formation  01 MINERAL and its properties  What is a mineral? 1. Naturally occurring, not man-made 2. Inorganic 3. Homogenous Solid 4. Definite Chemical composition 5. Ordered internal structure Physical Properties of Minerals 1. Hardness 9. Specific Gravity 2. Cleavage 10. Twinning 3. Fracture 11. Effervescence 4. Tenacity 12. Magnetism 5. Crystal shape 13. Diaphaneity 6. Color 14. Taste 7. Streak 15. Odor 8. Luster Hardness A measure of resistance of a mineral to abrasion. Cleavage The ability of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding. Kyanite Amethyst Fracture The appearance of the surface of a mineral when it does not break along Tremolite cleavage planes Tenacity The mineral’s toughness or resistance to breaking Malleability Ductility Sectility Brittleness Elasticity Flexibility Crystal Shape Common external morphology that a mineral assumes Crystal Shape The ability of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding. Color The property by an object of producing different sensations on the eye as a result of the way object reflect or emit light Color Labradorescence a play of colors or colored reflections exhibited especially by labradorite Fluorescence exposure to ultraviolet light causes a mineral to emit visible light Color Thermoluminescence Emits visible light when heated Triboluminescence Emits visible light when struck or rubbed Streak The color of minerals in powdered form. Is it possible for a mineral to have a different color and streak? Luster Quality and intensity of reflected light exhibited by the mineral Metallic Generally opaque and exhibit a resplendent shine similar to a polished metal Non-metallic vitreous (glassy), adamantine (brilliant/diamond like), resinous, silky, pearl, dull (earthy), greasy Specific Gravity It is the ratio of the weight of a mineral to the weight of an equal volume of water. A bucket of silver (SG 10) would weigh 10 times more than a bucket of water (SG 1). It is a measure to express the density (mass per unit volume) of a mineral. The specific gravity of a mineral is numerically equal to density. Twinning Intergrowth of two or more crystals of the same mineral Effervescence Bubbling seen where a carbonate mineral reacts with an acid Magnetism Property of a mineral to be attracted to a hand-magnet Ferromagnetic Paramagnetic Diamagnetic Diaphaneity Relative ability of minerals to allow light to pass through them Transparent Translucent Opaque Other properties Taste Odor HEALING PROPERTIES  02 MINERAL GROUPS  Mineral Groups Ø Rock-forming minerals are the Oxygen (O) most abundant minerals that make Silicon (Si) 46.6% up most of the rocks of the Earth’s 27.7% Al um crust. inu 0% ) 8.1 m ( 5. (Fe Ø Economic Minerals are those % Al) n I ro minerals used in the Other elements manufacturing of products. Potassium (K) 1.5% Calcium (Ca) 2.6% 3.6% Magnesium (Mg) Sodium (Na) 2.1% 2.8% 01 Silicates Ø minerals containing 2 of the most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust, namely, Silicon (28%) and Oxygen(47%). Ø 95% of the minerals were silicates and the remaining belongs to the other groups. Ø Composed of silica-tetrahedron (SiO4)-4, which is the building blocks of all silicates. 01 Silicates GARNET FELDSPAR https://en.wikipedia.org https://geology.com/mine /wiki/Garnet rals/feldspar.shtml QUARTZ https://www.minerals.net /mineral/quartz.aspx 02 Carbonates Ø minerals containing the carbonate anion (CO3)2- combined with other elements. Image Source: https://physicalgeology.pressbooks.com/chapter/5-3- mineral-groups/ 03 Sulfates Ø minerals containing Sulfur and Oxygen anion (SO4)- combined with other ions. https://physicalgeology.pressbooks.com/chapter/5-3-mineral-groups/ 04 Phosphates YPO4 Ø minerals containing phosphate (PO4) combined with one or more mineral Xenotime Image Source: https://www.dakotamatrix.com/mineralpedia/8314/xen otime-y 05 Molybdates Ø minerals containing Molybdate (MoO4)2- Bi2MoO6 together with other elements Koechlinite Image Source: http://www.rpdp.net/sciencetips_v3/E8C6.htm 06 Tungstates Pb3WO5Cl2 Ø minerals containing Tungstate (WO4)2- together with other elements Pinalite Image Source: http://www.rpdp.net/sciencetips_v3/E8C6.htm 07 Borates NaCaB5O6 (OH)6. 5H2O Ø minerals containing Boron and Oxygen combined with one or more elements Ulexite Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulexite 08 Hydroxides Ø minerals containing Hydroxyl Ions (OH-) AlOH3 and any element Gibbsite Image Source: https://www.minerals.net/mineral/gibbsite.aspx 09 Sulfides Ø minerals containing sulfur anion (S2) - combined with one or more ions. Some sulfides are sources of economically important metals such as copper, lead and zinc. 10 Sulfosalt Ø minerals containing a metal and/or semi-metal and Sulfur Cu3AsS4 Enargite Image Source: https://www.mindat.org/min-1380.html 11 Vanadate Al(UO2)2 (VO4)2 (OH)·11(H2O) Ø minerals containing Vanadate (VO4) combined with other elements Vanuralite Image Source: http://www.rpdp.net/sciencetips_v3/E8C6.htm 12 Halides Ø minerals containing halogen elements combined with one or more elements. Ø Halogen elements include Cl, F, I, Br, At  Native 13 Elements Ø minerals containing halogen elements combined with one or more elements. Ø Halogen elements include Cl, F, I, Br, At  Native 13 Elements Metals and Intermetals Semimetals Nonmetals Gold Group Arsenic Graphite Copper, Gold, Silver, Bismuth Diamond Lead Platinum Group Antimony Sulfur Palladium, Platinum, Platiniridium, Iridosmine Iron Group Iron, Kamachite, Taenite, Mercury  03 Rocks http://www.mineralo gy4kids.org/?q=rock -cycle IGNEOUS ROCKS  Forms when magma or lava cool to a solid form, IGNEOUS ROCKS either glass or masses of tightly intergrown mineral crystals. Magma – completely or partly molten rocks inside the Earth’s crust Lava – magma that reached the surface Crystals are large if they had a long time to grow in a slowly cooling magma. They are small if they formed quickly in rapidly cooling lava. Solid – silicate minerals Melt - ions Volatiles - vapors ORIGIN Intrusive or Plutonic Formed from magma (inside the Earth) and tends to take a long time to solidify into rock. Has Phaneritic textures. Extrusive or Volcanic Formed from lava (Earth’s surface) and tends to solidify quickly. Common textures include aphanitic and porphyritic. COMPOSITION  COMPOSITION FELSIC granitic: >65% silica, generally light-colored INTERMEDIATE andesitic: 55-65% silica, generally medium colored (medium gray) MAFIC basaltic: 45-55% silica, usually dark colored ULTRAMAFIC