Minerals and Rocks PDF

MINERALS  Minerals are building blocks of rocks. 5 Criteria of a Mineral d..Sulfates (Element + SO4-2) - Naturally occurring - Inorganic (not living or from something that was living) - Solid - Has definite chemical compo...

MINERALS  Minerals are building blocks of rocks. 5 Criteria of a Mineral d..Sulfates (Element + SO4-2) - Naturally occurring - Inorganic (not living or from something that was living) - Solid - Has definite chemical composition (composed of fixed combination of elements or of just a single element) - With atoms arranged in orderly e. Halides (Element + Halogen) (crystalline) structure Halogens: F, Cl, Br, I Mineraloids - Some naturally occurring solid compounds do not meet the definition of a mineral because they lack one of the criteria. Ex. Amber (organic); Obsidian (amorphous); Pearl (organic); Mercury (liquid) Mineral Classification based on Chemical Composition f. Native element (Single Element) 1. Silicates - most common type of minerals (90% of the world’s mineral) - contain the most abundant elements on the earth’s crust (oxygen- 46.6% and silicon- 27.7%) - minerals containing silicon and oxygen in tetrahedral SiO4 Physical Properties of Minerals  the composition and arrangement of atoms in a mineral affects its physical properties. Hardness 2. Non-silicates - It is a measure of the resistance of a a. Oxides (Element + O-2) mineral to abrasion; to scratch or to be scratched. - A hardness scale designed by German geologist/ mineralogist Friedrich Mohs in 1812 (Mohs’ Scale of Hardness) is used to test hardness of rocks and minerals. b. Carbonates (Element + CO3-2) c. Sulfides (Element + S-2) Luster Streak - It is the quality and intensity of reflected - Streak is the color of a mineral in light exhibited by the mineral. powdered form. - Can be metallic or nonmetallic. - Streak is a better diagnostic property as compared to color. Streak is inherent to 1. Metallic Luster almost every mineral. a. Metallic: having the look of a polished The color of a mineral could be different from the metal streak. b. Submetallic: having the look of metal that is dulled by weathering Specific Gravity/Density - It is the ratio mass per unit volume of a mineral 2. Non-metallic Luster  Adamantine: having a hard, sparkly look of a diamond  Resinous: having a look of yellow, dark orange, or brown that is slightly reflective  Vitreous: having the look of glass  Pearly: having the look of a pearl  Greasy: having the look of an oil coated surface Other Properties  Dull: having a plain looking surface  Some minerals exhibit certain unique  Earthy: having the look of soil or clay properties that help in their identification  Silky: having the look of fine, parallel fibers (e.g., magnetism, odor, taste, double refraction, reaction to acid, etc.).  Magnetite is strongly magnetic  Sulfur has distinct smell  Halite is salt.  Calcite fizzles with acid as with dolomite but powdered form. Breakage - Describes how minerals break when pressure is applied. 1. Cleavage - regular pattern; planar; forms smooth surface; flat surfaces and repeated shapes 2. Fracture - irregular, commonly jagged ROCKS Metamorphic Rocks  Mixture of minerals make up rocks. - Minerals and crystals in rocks may rearrange (physical change) and reform (chemical change) resulting to a new kind of rock - This change caused by intense heat and pressure is called metamorphism - Metamorphism can be regional or contact 1. Regional metamorphism (RM) – caused by the pressure of converging plates RM forms foliated metamorphic rocks 2. Contact metamorphism (CM) – caused by the heat of a nearby magma source CM forms non-foliated metamorphic rocks How are minerals formed? - Cooling of magma Examples: feldspar, quartz, mica, and olivine. - Secondary Processes (weathering, erosion, precipitation, and deposition) Ex. calcite, dolomite, bauxite, clay, halite and gypsum - Metamorphism (rearrangement of minerals structure or formation of new crystals due to extreme pressure and heat) Ex. andalusite, sillimanate, kyanite, garnet, and graphite. TYPES OF ROCKS Igneous Rocks - Meaning “fire-born”; Formed from crystallization of magma or lava - Can be intrusive or extrusive 1. Intrusive – from slow cooling of magma and forms large crystals 2. Extrusive – from fast cooling of lava and forms small to no crystals o May be vesicular: formation of holes on rock from trapped air bubbles EX. pumice - Can be ultramafic, mafic, intermediate, or ROCK CYCLE felsic based on silica content  The idea that any rock can turn into a different - Can be pegmatitic, phaneritic, porphyritic, type of rock aphanitic, vesicular, or glassy based on  Continuous cycle that describes transitions texture through geologic time among the three main rock types Sedimentary Rocks - When rocks are exposed to other subsystems, they break into sediments and get transported to basins. (weathering and erosion) - When the sediments are submerged in water, they get compacted and cemented a. Clastic – compacted sediments, classified based on size b. Crystalline – precipitates and evaporates c. Organic or bioclastic – contains living matter EXPLORATION, MINING, PROCESSING Earth Science | Quarter 1 Week 4 Common minerals and their uses 1. Gold (Native Element): ➔ Used in jewelry, dentistry, and electronics. 2. Iron Minerals: ➔ Hematite, Magnetite, Limonite ➔ Important for iron and steel production. 3. Copper Minerals: ➔ Malachite, Azurite, Chrysocolla ➔ Used in wires, coins, and electronics. Stages of Mining Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from ore and mineral deposits Materials extracted are a combination of aggregates and useful minerals; therefore, rocks must undergo milling process and purification. 4. Aluminum: ➔ Bauxite ➔ Used in cans, foil, bicycles, aircraft. Exploration 5. Lead: - Project Design ➔ Galena - Field Exploration: Detect anomalies and ➔ Formerly used in plumbing and paints, now test for mineral presence. in chemicals. - Pre-Production Feasibility Study: Evaluate economic and environmental safety. Mining Surface Mining - Easier access making it safer - Larger environmental impact due to the removal of topsoil and vegetation. Bauxite Galena Abundance of Elements in Earth's Crust Oxygen (O) 46.6% Sodium (Na) 2.8% Silicon (Si) 27.7% Potassium (K) 2.6% Aluminum (Al) 8.1% Magnesium (Mg) 2.1% Iron (Fe) 5.0% Other 1.7% Calcium (Ca) 3.6% Other chemical elements make up 1.7% of crust and are highly useful and valuable Ex. Copper – average crustal abundance is 50 ppm, but the US alone uses 2 million tons per year! Open-pit mining: Extracts minerals by Economic Minerals removing large quantities of surface Defined as minerals that can be mined, material, creating a massive pit. processed, and marketed at a profit. Strip mining: Involves stripping away surface Factors influencing economic viability layers, usually coal or tar sands, in horizontal include the interest, deposit size, mineral seams. concentration, depth below surface, and Quarrying: Extracts stone, sand, gravel, or market value. other construction materials Ore is a natural material with a high Placer Mining; Retrieves valuable minerals, concentration of economically valuable such as gold, from riverbeds or beach minerals that can be mined for a profit deposits using water separation methods. Subsurface Mining Smelting (Heat/Furnace) - Underground mining. Less surface disruption - Extracting Copper from Malachite but involves risks like mine collapses and STEPS: subsidence. - Heating of powdered malachite - Includes the creation of tunnels and levels (decomposition reaction) underground to extract ores and valuable - Addition of activated carbon (single minerals displacement reaction) - Washing substance with water to result in copper metal Electrolysis - Extracting Aluminum from Bauxite - Heavy Media Separation is used to recover aluminum beforehand - Uses an electric current to separate and purify metals from ores. An electric current Processing passes through a solution containing the Rocks composed of both ore and waste metal, causing the metal ions to move and material (part of the rock containing little or no deposit onto electrodes, separating the element or mineral of economic value) pure metal from impurities. The extracted rocks will undergo processes of mineral (e.g. metal) separation and recovery. Milling - Crushing and screening are the first stages of controlled size reduction followed by grinding where the rocks are pulverized Separation and Recovery - Applied after crushing. Techniques depend on the target mineral or metal. Marketing - Involves selling the refined metals or minerals Separation Techniques Flotation - Extraction of Nickel and Copper - Crushed ore is mixed with water and chemicals, creating a slurry. Separates valuable minerals from waste by using air Magnetic Separation bubbles. The bubbles attach to the desired - Used for extracting Magnetite, Hematite, minerals, making them float to the surface and metals in general for collection, while waste sinks. - A process that uses magnets to separate magnetic minerals from non-magnetic ones. It is commonly used to extract iron or other ferromagnetic materials from ore by passing the material through a magnetic field. Heap Leach Process - Used in recovering Uranium - Extract uranium by stacking crushed ore into large piles (heaps) and applying a leaching solution, usually an acid or alkaline solution. The solution dissolves the uranium, which is then collected from the bottom of the heap for further processing and recovery. Post-Mining Mine Closure - Includes mine closure, restoration, and rehabilitation to prevent long-term environmental damage. - Restoring the landscape by filling open pits, stabilizing slopes, and replanting vegetation to return the land to a natural or usable state. - Repurposing land and providing sites for hospitals, industrial plants, and schools - Can be used for commercial agriculture - Provides jobs for people in the area Environmental and Economic Impact: - Flooding, Erosion, Landslides - Subsidence - sinking or settling of the ground surface due to removal of underground resources, soil compaction, or the collapse of underground voids - Soil, Water, and Air Pollution - Damage to Habitat and Loss of Wildlife - Health Hazards and Economic Impacts ENERGY RESOURCES RENEWABLE and NON-RENEWABLE  Initial costs for construction and maintenance o High costs o Needs a lot of research on location and type of power plant depending on location o Long term of building and construction o In the long run, this is more cost effective since we don’t need to buy fossil fuels in the future RENEWABLE  Geothermal – heat from Earth’s core  Solar – heat from Sun GEOTHERMAL ENERGY  Uses heat from the core  Indirect solar energy – hydropower,  As you descend deeper into the geothermal, wind, biomass Earth’s crust, underground rock and ADVANTAGES water become hotter  Constantly available and abundant  the heat resources in geothermal  Readily available in environment and resources are not inexhaustible once used, will go back to the source and can be recycled and used again  More environmentally friendly o Less greenhouse gases o Natural flowing through natural cycles in subsystems o Still has negative effects – mining metals for materials o Biofuel –undergoes combustion reaction so greenhouse gasses DISADVANTAGES  Low efficiency level; lower energy lvl.  Magma source needed o Solar panel – conversion of energy  Thermal energy heats up the from sun is slow and needs a big groundwater and rocks that will turn to battery steam and spin the turbine o Batteries need minerals and  Geothermal wells; hot high-pressure metals ex. lithium; harmful to water will go up here and will turn to environment steam due to less pressure o Biofuel – combustion like fossil fuel  Cooling towers condenses steam and but has lesser efficiency is returned back to the groundwater o Lower base load energy – energy reserves; water is recycled needed by the people from the power plant Earth’s Mech. Mech. Electricity Power Up  Problem in transportation Internal Energy of Energy of From / Down & Heat Steam Turbine Generator Distribution  Specific locations and requires huge land area ADVANTAGE o Places with energy resources are  Good in PH with a lot of volcanoes far from areas that need energy  Reliable and consistent source like cities  Provides base load electricity o Wires that are needed to bring the DISADVANTAGE energy to places further lessen the energy due to the resistance  High cost of construction and o Disturbances of natural maintenance; good in the long run ecosystems for land area  Instability of location; may cause o Geothermal – need to be near earthquakes and volcanic activity volcanoes & cause hazards to  Release of gases through the digging environment and people of wells HYDROPOWER/ HYDROELECTRICITY DISADVANTAGE  Includes plants installed on land- on  Construction of dams can damage rivers and lakes- and ocean energy, ecosystem; need to cut trees, disturb which is still being developed and flow of water in rivers & natural harnesses the force of waves & tides habitats; prone to landslides.  Hydropower plants are the world’s  Initial maintenance and construction leading renewable energy source, cost is high producing 83% of renewable power.  Location specific; a lot of water is  Usually create dams to control the needed flow of water and create a consistent  Poor or excessive water supply energy source for the water o Opening of gates when dam is full during typhoon causing flood o Closing of gates during summer which causes shortage of water NON-RENEWABLE  Fossil fuels – oil, coal, natural gas  Nuclear power – nuclear fission through uranium isotopes ADVANTAGES  High energy efficiency level due to the high concentration of hydrocarbons o Nuclear – few grams of uranium can give a lot of energy  Transportability; since it is material and  Reservoir – high volume of water; solid; we can import these fossil fuels to weight of water and height generates other countries or places w/out a lot of potential energy to be KE energy sources  Penstock – flow of water to turbine  Intake – opening of penstock from DISADVANTAGES reservoir  Finite and limited supply – the reserves  Control gate – closes and opens and deposits might run out in 50 years depending on the amount of water in  Takes millions of years to form reservoir  Environmental impacts  Turbine – mechanical energy to o Requires combustion reaction electricity through generator which produces greenhouse gases  Transformer – power up for and CO2 transportation; power down for o Releases heat to environment household use through power plants  Outflow – where the water flows out o Nuclear – radiation pollution which o Reservoir here that may be might cause mutations pumped to the upper reservoir; or o Oil spills; deposit of toxic chemicals flowed to houses or farms in soil and water  Political disputes Potential Kinetic Mech. o Monopoly in countries with natural Energy of Energy of Energy of deposits of these materials Water Water Turbine o For sustaining the energy and for gaining money Electricity Power Up From / Down & Generator Distribution FOSSIL FUELS  Coal (solid), oil(liquid), & natural gas ADVANTAGE  All are organic materials that contain  Higher efficiency than other water soluble hydrocarbons renewable energy o Need to undergo combustion  Dam can be used for flood control,  NOT minerals water filtration, and irrigation systems COAL NATURAL GAS  Solid  Primarily methane (CH4) with smaller  From plants in swamps, lakes quantities of other hydrocarbons  Tropical eras in the carboniferous  Marine organisms period (era before the dinosaurs)  Before carboniferous period >  Coalification covered by sediments and anaerobic o dead plants are covered by decomposition; no oxygen present > sediments heat and pressure o anaerobic decomposition and  Difference: longer period than oil; chemical reaction which forms transformed into gaseous state coal  TYPES o Dry gas – methane (CH4) – the most basic type of hydrocarbon; pressurized methane becomes liquid o Wet gas – methane with additional volatile gasses like ethane and butane  Household and industrial heating, fuel  TYPES (concentration of hydrocarbon) for vehicles, electricity o Amount of time, pressure, and coalification will change the type o Lignite – brown in color; shallow layer of rock (25%-35% carbon) o Sub-bituminous (35%-45% carbon) o Bituminous (45%-86% carbon) o Anthracite – darkest color (86%-97%)  Burned for electricity, converted to gas OIL  Thick black liquid known as petroleum or crude HOW TO USE FOSSIL FUELS:  Marine organisms  Fossil fuels react with oxygen and  Before carboniferous period > heat; combustion reaction covered by sediments and anaerobic  Water in steam boiler will boil and decomposition; no oxygen present > produce a lot of water vapor heat and pressure  Steam turbine turns mechanical energy into electricity  conversion of bacteria and nutrients to  Steam condenser recycles the water fossil fuels  Generator: electromagnets transforms o opposite of aerobic decomp. that mechanical to electrical (AC) energy dead organisms can be used as  POLLUTION CONTROL: gases as nutrients and fertilizer byproduct will be concentrated and then buried deep in land as to not cause air pollution, soil pollution, etc.  EX. Petroleum, gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, asphalt – solid; used for roads and infrastructure  Petroleum products, electricity, plastic WATER RESOURCES / EARTHS HYDROSPHERE SOURCES OF WATER  70% of Earth’s surface is covered by water Water vapor (exposure to sun > gas) > Water from surface water storage (lakes, ocean, will turn into gas by evaporation > Glaciers and polar ice caps turn into gas by sublimation > Plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through evapotranspiration  Ocean also contains saline water which wakes it salty. Almost 97.5% is Condensation salt water which can’t be readily used > Gaseous water (vapor) goes up into for human activities because it may atmosphere until it reaches a higher altitude cause problems in osmosis and rusting with lower temp. of the troposphere in equipment. > Vapor turns back into liquid form in  Only 2.5% of the total global water is droplets and form clouds freshwater; doesn’t contain minerals and isn’t that salty. Precipitation  Most freshwater is solid which isn’t > When clouds get heavy enough water fall usable since it needs to be liquid back to the Earth in the form of rain, hail, or  Our freshwater resources are limited snow which causes scarcity o Deposition is when snow and ice fall  We need to keep our water resources on glaciers and don’t turn to liquid safe and clean On surface HYDROLOGIC / WATER CYCLE > Plant absorption and photosynthesis  Movement/transfer of water from the > Surface runoff by flowing on the surface differ subsystems; transformation to through rivers or other bodies of water; liquid, solid, and gaseous states. horizontal movement of water  The motion of the water from the o Go back to surface water storage ground to the atmosphere and back > Infiltration where the water through the again. pores of soil; vertical movement of water Within Earth > Plant absorption through soil moisture > Percolation when it continues to move downward; slow movement of water since pores in layers of rocks are smaller > Reaches impenetrable layers of rocks (Aquifers) where groundwater storage is found > Ground flow is horizontal flow of groundwater back to surface water storage WATER USAGE INDUSTRIAL USE o Factories, Mining, Commercial, and Recreational Establishments o Chemical Processes and Production o Energy Production o Cooling o Cleansing o Recreational Uses – swimming, fountain, aquatic display USE: Blue (surface and ground fresh) water PRODUCE: Greywater DOMESTIC USE AGRICULTURAL USE o Household, personal use  Crop Cultivation, Livestock, Poultry, USE: Blue (surface and ground fresh) water Aquaculture, Forestry, Biofuel PRODUCE: Greywater and Blackwater o Irrigation (contaminated with fecal matter) o Pesticide and Fertilizers – solvent o Drink for Animals o Cleansing – animals and equipment o Energy Production – boiler tanks o Cooling o Transportation USE: Green (natural soil moisture) and Blue (surface and ground fresh) water PRODUCE: Greywater  Chemically polluted water  Polluted water due to pesticides and nutrients from fertilizers – leaching  Product water of domestic activities: bathing, laundry, and dishwashing o Urban areas have much higher  Can be recycled and reused for consumption due to better access to water irrigation but not for drinking supply  If chemicals content is not too high, Poor households’ sources of drinking water majority of plants can handle it. o 26.8% piped to neighbor/household (tap However, if grey water is to be used for water) irrigation it is highly advised that what o 43.5% bottled water/refilling station goes down the drain is heavily o 15.5% tube well/borehole, public tap/standpipe regulated. o 9% rainwater, protected spring/ dug wells o To prevent water pollution, soil o 5% unimproved water sources contamination, hindering of good In urban areas, 1 in 4 families have shared or bacteria in nutrient cycles unimproved sanitation facilities, or none at all. EFFECT OF GREYWATER Scarcity is the natural condition wherein  Leaching - Water dissolve chemicals sources are naturally limited and not enough  Eutrophication – Water environment to meet human needs and demands, while change (temp, acidity) due to high shortage is condition wherein the resources amount of nutrients/chemicals become inadequate because of man-  Algal Bloom - Algae will start to grow made factors and condition. on the surface and dominate due to Gov. should regulate the agricultural and the nutrients present in the water. industrial sectors that abuse the usage of  Oxygen Deprivation – Algae will die water for monopoly and make their water and bacteria will grow; this will block usage sustainable. Support local farmers sunlight and oxygen and fix the system for better sanitation and  Dead Zones and Fish Kill – Aquatic lower contamination of water sources. organisms will start to die. SOIL Earth Science | Quarter 1 Week 7 Clay Soil is a biologically active, porous medium that - Very fine texture with tiny particles (less than develops in the uppermost layer of Earth's crust, 0.002 mm) supporting plant life. - High water and nutrient retention. - Poor drainage and aeration when compacted. Soil Composition - Can be molded when wet, useful in ceramics Minerals (45%) ★ Sediments such as sand, silt, and clay from the weathering of rocks. Organic Matter (5%) ★ Biological remains like humus, leaves, roots, and manure. Water (25%) Layers of Soil ★ Soil moisture, including percolated water and "green" water (water available to plants) Air (25%) ★ Gasses like nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and oxygen are essential for plant and microbial respiration. Types of Soil Soil classification is based on the percentage of sediments present Proportion of sediments determines the porosity which affects its ability to retain air and water, crucial for plant growth. Porosity - The gap between soil particles which contain water and air. 1. [Oi, Oa] Organic Horizon: Contains decomposing organic material. 2. [A] Topsoil: Rich in humus and dark in color, crucial for plant growth. 3. [E] Zone of Eluviation: Layer where minerals are washed out. Lighter in color and lower in humus content. Characterized by loss of clay, leaving salad and silt 4. [B] Subsoil: Less organic material, accumulates clay and development of Sand bulky material - Coarse texture with larger particles (0.05 to 5. [C] Parent Material: Weathered rock from 2 mm) which soil forms. - Excellent drainage and aeration; low 6. [R] Bedrock: Solid rock beneath soil layers. nutrient retention - Often used in construction and agriculture. Arable Land Silt - Medium texture with fine particles (0.002 to Land with healthy topsoil that can support 0.05 mm) crops and trees. Arable land is essential for - Good moisture retention and fertility human agriculture but can be degraded - Fertile and can support a variety of crops by erosion and pollution. Soil formation takes thousands and millions of Recreational Activities years; the topsoil can be damaged by erosion Off-road vehicles and hiking can compact and pollution. soil and strip vegetation, leading to bare Soil Erosion: The removal of the topsoil layers patches and further erosion by factors like water, wind, animals, and man. Soil pollution: The contamination of topsoil with chemicals that kills good bacteria and other living things found in the soil. Human Impact on Soil Agricultural Depletion Farming practices, such as tilling and Soil Conservation Methods harvesting, loosens the soil making it prone 1. Contour Plowing: Plowing along the to erosion by wind or rain after harvest. contours of a slope to prevent water runoff The Dust Bowl of the 1930s in the US is an and soil erosion. example of erosion caused by non-sustainable farming. Salination of soil due to the use of surface water for irrigation Use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides causes soil pollution Excessive farming exhausts water and nutrients in the soil leading to desertification Solutions: Cover crops to prevent winter 2. Terracing: Creating stepped levels on steep erosion, crop rotation to restore nutrients terrain to reduce erosion. Overgrazing Excessive grazing by animals reduces plant cover and leads to soil erosion. Livestock can pull plants out by their roots, making the soil more vulnerable. 3. Wind Breaks: Planting trees or shrubs to reduce wind speed and protect soil from erosion. Deforestation Trees and plants help prevent erosion through their root systems. Logging removes this protection, and 4. No-Till Plowing: Avoiding plowing to keep young replacement plants take time to soil structure intact and reduce erosion. develop similar root structures. 5. Cover Crops: Planting crops during off-seasons to hold soil in place. Mining 6. Crop Rotation: Rotating different crops to Mining operations shift large amounts of restore nutrients to the soil. earth, leaving exposed soil vulnerable to erosion. Water use in mining can exacerbate erosion, and until vegetation re-establishes, the soil remains unstable. Urban Development Construction clears land, removing natural erosion barriers. Landscaping with inappropriate plant species can worsen soil degradation. WASTE GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT Earth Science | Quarter 1 Week 8 Waste has been defined as a moveable object with no direct use that is discarded permanently. TYPES OF WASTE - Based on FORM - Solid - Liquid - Gas AGRICULTURAL WASTE - Based on SOURCE - Excess use of fertilizers and pesticides can - Industrial cause land and water pollution. - Agricultural - Rice paddies release methane to the - Mining atmosphere. - Biomedical - Excess excrement from poultry and other - Residential livestock can cause eutrophication of bodies of water. BASED ON FORM MINING WASTE SOLID WASTE - Waste generated from the exploitation of - Examples include paper, wood, food mineral resources scraps, metals, glass, plastic, and - Overburden material - ground (soil and contaminated soil. rock) that is removed to extract the mineral - They can be classified as biodegradable or deposit. Result of improper management non-biodegradable can cause siltation of bodies of water. - Acid mine drainage - water that has come to contact with oxidized rock or overburden that contains sulphide material (coal, zinc, copper, and lead). When acid mine drainage is not properly managed, it can find its way into waterways and the groundwater. - High pH waters can be detrimental to plant and animal life. - Acid mine drainage is also associated with the release of heavy metals to the environment. BIOMEDICAL WASTE - Waste generated by hospitals and other LIQUID WASTE health care institutions - Examples include sewage, contaminated - This type of hazardous waste includes surface and groundwater, and industrial infectious waste and chemical waste liquid discharges. dangerous to people and the environment. - Commonly transported in containers or through pipes. RESIDENTIAL/ MUNICIPAL WASTE - Waste generated in the household GASEOUS WASTE - These are primarily generated by combustion (e.g., internal combustion engines, incinerators, coal-fire electrical generating plants) and industrial processes. - They also include aerosols and CFC. BASED ON SOURCE INDUSTRIAL WASTE - Waste released from manufacturing plants, such as chemical plants, cement production, textile industries, metallurgical plants, textile, food processing, power plants, EFFECTS OF BAD WASTE MANAGEMENT - Pollution of bodies of waters, such as rivers, - Reuse - Use products repeatedly, repair, lakes, the marine environment, and and repurpose. groundwater Reuse by repairing appliances instead - Loss of habitat from pollution of replacing them. - Clogging of waterways /drainage system Be creative in giving objects a second (canals, rivers, and streams) which can life. cause flooding - Recycle - Re-introduce materials in the - Unsanitary conditions leading to the spread production process. of disease and pests that carry disease Sorting waste and disposing of it in the - Burning of waste can release toxic gasses correct bins or taking it to waste (formaldehyde, hydrogen chloride, sulfur management facilities. dioxide, dioxins, and furans) - Unsightly and destroys the natural beauty of Republic Act No. 9003 the environment and endangers - An act providing for an ecological solid biodiversity. waste management program, creating the necessary institutional mechanism and WASTE MANAGEMENT incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, - Requires systemic transformation: appropriating funds behavioral, cultural, social, political, and economical. Ecological Solid Waste Management Act PROHIBITS: 1. Change from linear to circular economy. - Littering, dumping waste in public places - This linear approach is eating into a finite - Violating sanitation operations supply of resources and often producing - Open burning of solid waste toxic waste, which is not sustainable in the - Causing non-segregated waste long term. - Squatting in dumps/landfills - Shift from "throw away" to "return and - Dumping biodegradable waste in renew," with products designed for flood-prone areas disassembly and regeneration. - Unauthorized removal of recyclables - Licensing technology instead of owning it. - Mixing recyclables with other waste - Operating open dumps The Biological Cycle - Using/manufacturing non-eco-friendly - Rethink and redesign products, products components, and packaging to create - Importing toxic waste as recyclable safe and compostable materials - Dumping waste outside facility centers The Technical Cycle - Operating waste facilities without permits or - Recycle valuable materials like metals and land use compliance polymers for reuse in future products. - Building within 200 meters of dumps/landfills - Operating waste facilities near aquifers, reservoirs, or watersheds 2. PRACTICE 3RS - Reduce - Lessen production and consumption Limit purchasing disposable or heavily packaged products. Reduce plastic bag use when shopping. Use electrical appliances efficiently. Participate in the sharing economy for items you need. Make use of public services.