Week 2-2_Introduction_Student.pdf

PSYCH 1020 Introduction to Psychology B: Developmental, Sociocultural, and Abnormal  Introduction Objectives 1. Scientific Method a. From Theory to Hypothesis  Steps from beginning to end b. Types of Study c. Three Ethical Issues ...

PSYCH 1020 Introduction to Psychology B: Developmental, Sociocultural, and Abnormal  Introduction Objectives 1. Scientific Method a. From Theory to Hypothesis  Steps from beginning to end b. Types of Study c. Three Ethical Issues  Methodology Scientific Method Psychological knowledge is based only on observation  Three goals of science are description, prediction, and explanation  Theory o Description of general principles about how constructs relate to one another Construct A B  Criteria for a good theory o Supporting data o Falsifiability o Parsimony  Methodology Scientific Method From Theory to Hypothesis  Hypothesis o A way of stating specific outcomes that researchers expects to observe if the theory is accurate Construct A B A* B* Variable A+ B+  Operationalization o The process of turning a construct into a measurable variable.  Methodology Scientific Method Steps from beginning to end  Step 1 – 4 Preparation Stage o Read, Summarize, Read o UofL Library o Google Scholar  Too broad  Too limited o Wiki  Low quality of reference  unreliable information?  Methodology Scientific Method Steps from beginning to end  Step 5 – 7 Execution Stage o Follow what you planned o Library is your friend o Statistics  Keys to open the wonder  Use it or lose it o Writing  Sharing is a duty  Writing never end  Methodology Scientific Method Replication Crisis  Research published in top journals cannot replicate. o Only 39% replicated (61% false positive)  Questionable research practice  Small sample size  Prediction made after results are known (HARKing)  Statistical test until finding favorable results  University student sample  White Educated Industrialized Rich, Democratic (WEIRD)  Methodology Type of Study Types of Study  Descriptive Study o Case study, Observational Study, Self-Report, Interview  Correlational Study o values between –1.0 and +1.0.  Strength and Direction of relationships  Methodology Type of Study Types of Study  Experimental Study o Independent Variable (IV)  Variable that is manipulated by researchers o Dependent Variable (DV)  Variable that is measured o Values of DV depends on the changes in IV o Manipulating variables  IV has Levels: Experimental group vs Control Group  Between-group design  Different participants were assigned to each level of IV  Within-group design  the same participants are exposed to all levels of IV o Causality  IV must be the only change to participants  Methodology Research Ethics Three Ethical Issues  Respect for people o Individuals should be treated as independent agents, and individuals with diminished independence are entitled to special protection o Consent Form  Beneficence o Individuals should not be exposed to harm or unnecessary risk, and any benefits should be maximized Justice o Treat people fairly without bias o Benefit the population that participants were selected