3005PSY Week 1 PDF

3005PSY WEEK 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cy2ieb theory ideas tested/proven to work clear rules/precision and clarity. theories need to based on...

3005PSY WEEK 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cy2ieb theory ideas tested/proven to work clear rules/precision and clarity. theories need to based on terms must be specific specify operations/procedures that are operational definition used to measure a variable they can be hard to define/agree upon (empathy) issues with operational definitons sometimes definitions are not clear enough for researchers theories differ in events they try to predict comprehensiveness the more comprehensive they are the more vulnerable they will be theories must be tested and confirmed to show they are valid testability -research must show how they bring about a change in behaviour what happens if a hypothesis cannot be it can lead to development of new areas proven? and hypotheses has to help practitioners in their work help clients to function better usefulness w/o theory practitioners would constantly be reinventing the wheel systematic way to assess problem and theories give us a apply techniques giving us understanding, human behav- even though not all theories meet all cri- iour is too complex to only fit ONE theory teria, they can still help us by perfectly difference between psychotherapy and definition can fit both, hard to find agree- counselling ment on this purpose: help client deal with problems with aspects of disorders of thinking, interactions between client/counsellor emotional suffering, problems of behav- ior 1/7  3005PSY WEEK 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cy2ieb therapists use what to improve function- knowledge of theory of personality/psy- ing? chotherapy counselling: normal people attempts to differentiate the kind of peo- psychotherapy: severely disturbed ple who use counselling vs psychother- apy but how do you actually differentiate these two?! What is normal? counselling: educational/informational other attempts to differentiate coun- psychotherapy: facilitative selling vs psychotherapy or hospitals vs school setting brief approaches to therapy refer to limit of session (no more than 20) theoretical approach that takes a certain time limited therapy number of sessions, eg 12 treatments that don't last longer than a jungian, existential, person centered, year generally gestalt therapies (they're always growing new ones challenge old ones) growth of treatment manuals current trends with theories evidence based treatments influence of constructivism on theory mindfulness -Guidelines for therapists for particular treatment of specific disorders -Describe skills and sequence for treat- treatment manuals ment. -usually used with cognitive and behav- ioral theories clear procedures instructions given for specific problems advantage of treatment manuals all therapists can check directions most recognized theories have manuals eg cognitive/behavioural/psychoanalytic empirically supported treatment, efficacy evidence based treatment studies determine that a therapy works, 2/7  3005PSY WEEK 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cy2ieb many a combo of cognitive and behav- ioral parts RCT Randomized controlled trial Let insight and goals come from the Being non-directive client, rather than dictating interpreta- tions. a nondirective insight therapy based on the work of Carl Rogers in which the client does all the talking and the thera- pist listens person-centered therapy lessens risk to client when used with unconditional pos regard i helps client grow psychological contact incongruence necessary conditions for change congruence and genuineness unconditional positive regard empathy 2 people in relationship that are capable psychological contact helps with change of impacting each other by presence (being emotionally engaged) client must be in a state of psychological incongruence helps with change by vulnerability, when in a state of distress it opens them to therapeutic relationship Consistency between the therapist's Congruence (genuineness) feelings and actions toward client according to Rogers, an attitude of total unconditional positive regard acceptance toward another person to enter another's world without being in- fluenced by own views and values, must empathy have sufficient seperateness as to not get lost experiencing responsibility 3/7  3005PSY WEEK 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cy2ieb learn that the client is responsible for themselves client appreciates unconditional regard experiencing the therapist of therapist, feels cared for and accepted caring and empathy of the therapist al- lows for change to develop experiencing process of exploration client experiences honest and self awareness self exploration allows for deeper layers of personality to move forwards, the more experiencing the self they deal with anger/feelings they find themselves feeling more positive a sense of progress even if they feel confused, clients bring up issues, sense them and move onto others experiencing change when they feel enough positive self re- gard they consider ending therapy the relationship between client/therapist using evidence based techniques what makes counselling effective empathy unconditional postiive regard A search for common elements across common factors approach different theoretical systems. features that define a treatment and make it different from other kinds of fac- tors specific factors -differences in terms of theoretical model of human behaviour -unique to style of therapy -model affects treatment factors Number of patients who need to be treat- ed in order to prevent one additional bad Numbers needed to treat outcome. It is the inverse of Absolute Risk Reduction. 4/7  3005PSY WEEK 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cy2ieb yes, patients with therapy doing better than 80% of untreated samples 75% of clients significantly improve after is psychotherapy helpful 26 sessions or 6 months of treatment 50% of clients show improvement after 8-10 session maintenance gains are improved by client's own effort specific factors what makes therapy effective? common factors treatment model A set of assumptions and concepts that help scientists explain and interpret ob- servations. Also called a paradigm. model what causes a behaviour? changes it? maintains it? changes problems? a treatment plan and a way to target/pro- mote certain behaviours models allow for therapists to create eg CBT, interpersonal therapy, gestalt, acceptance and commitment procedure, interventions, strategies used for change, 'I' messages, empty types of techniques can include chair techniques, goal setting, active lis- tening common to all models and include therapeutic alliance client factors common factors expectations for change may not share them all equally though, agreements of tasks/goals may differ agreement of goals things that are beyond therapist control age that affect therapy disorder previous treatment 5/7 3005PSY WEEK 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cy2ieb motivation for change client/therapist expectations for change common ones, without these the most important factor? specifics don't matter 15% of change due to specific factors, 85% from common factors 30 - common factors The Big Four (Lambert) 40 - extra therapeutic factors/client fac- tors 15 - client expectations 15 specific factors connection/rapport/bond between client and counsellor formed in therapy therapeutic relationship includes unconditional pos regard, car- ing, warmth, genuiness, purposefulness, trust, confidence, support for change process issues factors part of client's life but outside therapist control like SES relationships spirituality extra therapeutic factors secure employment financial security optimism some things you can facilitate change w/ some, others you cannot but you can encourage READINESS for change self fulfilling sense of expectation for im- provement hope/expectancy influenced by degree client/counsellor believes change is possible and ability for change 6/7  3005PSY WEEK 1 Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cy2ieb key factor promotes reflection and change understand another's experience from empathy helps with their perspective Rogers: perceiving internal framework as if one were the person without losing the 'as if' sympathy is care and compassion, but how is empathy different to sympathy those are your OWN feelings empathy does not involve your feelings presuming to understand over-involved (experiencing identical traps to avoid with empathy feelings to the client) sympathetic responding: expression of care and compassion 2 types of empathy passive and active The counsellor's unbiased understand- passive empathy ing of the client's experience The counsellor's communication of their understanding of the client's experience, active empathy in a way which validates and supports the client connection, while sympathy drives dis- empathy drives connection 7/7