Week 14: The Emotional Self PDF

The Emotional Self Understanding The Self – Week 14  Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to: Demonstrate an understanding of the concept of emotions and their role in shaping the emotional self, encompassing emotional awareness, expression, an...

The Emotional Self Understanding The Self – Week 14  Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to: Demonstrate an understanding of the concept of emotions and their role in shaping the emotional self, encompassing emotional awareness, expression, and regulation; and, Analyze the multifaceted nature of emotions, considering their cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components, and understand how emotions contribute to self-identity. EMOTIONS AND FEELINGS  Definition: What is Emotion? The term emotion originated from the French word emouvoir meaning “to shake, to stir.” It is “a strong mental or instinctive feeling such as love or fear” involving many bodily processes, and mental states (Oxford English Dictionary, 1996). It is typically brief, intense, and involve physiological changes, such as changes in heart rate, facial expressions, and hormonal secretion.  Basic Emotions According to Daniel Goleman, there are eight basic families of emotions: Fear (Safety) anxiety, apprehension, nervousness, concern, consternation, misgiving, wariness, qualm, edginess, dread, fright, terror and in the extreme cases phobia and panic Anger (Justice) fury, outrage, resentment, wrath, exasperation, indignation, vexation, acrimony, animosity, annoyance, irritability, hostility, and perhaps these are manifest in the extreme as hatred and violence  Basic Emotions Sadness (Loss) grief, sorrow, cheerlessness, gloom, melancholy, self- pity, loneliness, dejection, despair, and depression in the extreme case Enjoyment (Gain) happiness, joy, relief, contentment, bliss, delight, amusement, pride, sensual pleasure, thrill, rapture, gratification, satisfaction, euphoria, whimsy, ecstasy, and at the far edge, mania Love (Attraction) acceptance, friendliness, trust, kindness, affinity, devotion, adoration, infatuation, and agape  Basic Emotions Disgust (Repulsion) contempt, distain, scorn, abhorrence, aversion, distaste, and revulsion Surprise (Attention) shock, astonishment, amazement, and wonder Shame (Self-control) guilt, embarrassment, chagrin, remorse, humiliation, regret, mortification, and contrition  Components of Emotions Physiological arousal – Involvement of the brain, nervous system, and secretion of hormone Subjective feelings – Subjective awareness of interpreting one’s emotional state Cognitive processes – Involvement of memories, perceptions, expectations, and interpretations Behavioral reactions – Include behavioral reactions, both expressive and instrumental  Characteristics of Emotions EMOTIONS ARE CLOSELY RELATED TO A PERSON’S BIOLOGICAL NEEDS. Emotions occurred when an individual’s basic needs are either hindered or satisfied. Emotions are helpful to individuals in terms of the satisfaction of basic needs.  Characteristics of Emotions EMOTIONS AND LOGICAL THINKING HAVE AN INVERSE RELATIONSHIP. As emotional intensity increases, the capacity for logical thinking decreases, and vice versa. Heightened emotional states may cloud one's judgment and impede the application of logical reasoning.  Characteristics of Emotions EMOTIONS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CERTAIN BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTICS. Emotions often manifest in overt behaviors that serve as expressive indicators of the internal emotional states. For example, anger is often linked to aggressive behaviors, including attacking or confrontational actions.  Characteristics of Emotions EMOTIONS TRIGGER A SERIES OF INTERNAL ACTIVITIES INVOLVING THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, DUCTLESS GLANDS, AND VISCERAL ORGANS. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is important in the internal response to emotions. It consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, working in tandem to regulate involuntary bodily functions. Ductless glands, specifically the endocrine system, release hormones that influence various physiological functions. Visceral organs, including the heart, lungs, and digestive system, also undergo changes during emotional experiences.  Characteristics of Emotions EMOTIONS LEAVE AN AFTER FEELING CALLED ‘MOOD’. Emotions, characterized by their strong intensity and relatively short duration, serve as immediate responses to specific stimuli or situations. However, the aftermath of intense emotional experiences often leaves a lasting influence on an individual’s mood.  Physiological Changes in Emotions Facial expressions – Various muscles of the face including the eye, the lips, the nose and the forehead undergo changes by way of twisting and taking different poses. Muscular adjustment – Sometimes the entire muscular system of the body undergoes contraction and adjustments. Gestures and movement of the hands Change in voice – Voice gets affected by emotions, particularly in terms of volume and pitch.  Definition: What is Feelings? Compared to emotions, feelings are more enduring and significant experiences that arise from the cognitive interpretation and subjective evaluation of emotions. These are influenced by personal experiences, cultural norms, and individual differences.  Characteristics of Feelings Pleasantness-unpleasantness dimension – positive or negative feeling Excitement-numbness dimension – intensity of the feeling Tension-relaxation dimension – how the body gets active or energized by a feeling  Distinction between Emotions and Feelings EMOTIONS FEELINGS Intense but temporary Low-key but sustainable Establish people’s initial attitude Establish long-term attitude toward reality toward reality Alert people to immediate Alert people to anticipated dangers and prepare them for dangers and prepare them for action action Ensure immediate survival of the Ensure long-term survival of the self self  MAJOR THEORIES RELATED TO EMOTIONS  James-Lange Theory of Emotion This theory was proposed by William James and Carl Lange. Emotions do not begin with the conscious experience but are caused by bodily sensations. William James Carl Lange Example: James-Lange Theory of Emotion  Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion This theory was proposed by Walter B. Cannon and Philip Bard. It is also known as the thalamic theory of emotion related to the thalamus. Emotions occur when the thalamus sends a message to the brain in response to a stimulus, Walter B. Cannon Philip Bard resulting in a physiological reaction.  Example: Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion AUTONOMIC AROUSAL SUBCORTICAL ACTIVITY IN ELICITING STIMULUS THE THALAMUS CONSCIOUS EMOTION (FEAR)  Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion This theory was developed by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer in the 1960s. There are two key components of emotions: physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. Physiological arousal is the body’s immediate response to a stimulus, while cognitive interpretation involves Stanley Schachter Jerome Singer processing of thoughts and perceptions. Example: Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion NEUROSCIENCE OF EMOTIONS  The Limbic System It is located lateral to the thalamus, underneath the cerebral cortex, and above the brainstem. It is referred to as the “emotion center” of the brain. It is responsible for the regulation of emotions and various other cognitive functions.  Amygdala It is a central component of the limbic system and is primarily associated with the processing of emotions, particularly fear and pleasure. It plays an important role in the formation and storage of emotional memories and the assessment of the emotional significance of stimuli.  Hippocampus It is primarily linked to memory formation. It contributes to emotional regulation by interacting with the amygdala. It helps create and consolidate explicit memories, including those associated with emotional experiences.  Thalamus It relays sensory information, including emotional stimuli, to the different parts of the brain to facilitate the rapid processing of emotionally relevant information.  Hypothalamus It is a key regulator of the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system. It orchestrates physiological responses associated with emotions, such as changes in heart rate, body temperature, and the release of hormones.  Cingulate Cortex It is involved in emotional processing, conflict resolution, and the regulation of emotional responses. It has connections with the amygdala and contributes to emotional learning.  Insular Cortex It is associated in the processing and regulation of emotions. It contributes to the subjective experience of emotions, including awareness of one's emotional state and the interpretation of emotional cues from the environment. It is important for interoceptive awareness, allowing individuals to perceive and interpret signals from their own bodies, such as heartbeat, respiration, and gastrointestinal sensations.  Fornix It is a fiber bundle that connects the hippocampus to other limbic structures. It facilitates communication within the limbic system, supporting the integration of emotional and cognitive processes.  EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE “If your emotional abilities aren’t in hand, if you don’t have self-awareness, if you are not able to manage your distressing emotions, if you can’t have empathy and have effective relationships, then no matter how smart you are, you are not going to get very far.” - Daniel Goleman  Emotional Hijacking It is a phenomenon where an intense emotional reaction, often triggered by a specific event or stimuli, temporarily overwhelms and overrides rational thought and decision-making processes.  Emotional Intelligence It refers to the ability to identify, assess, and manage one’s own emotions, as well as the emotions of other people. People who possess high degree of emotional intelligence do not only have a deep understanding of their own emotions but also possess the ability to perceive and Daniel Goleman navigate the emotions of those around them. EMOTIONAL REGULATION “Emotional regulation refers to the process by which individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express their feelings. Emotional regulation can be automatic or controlled, conscious or unconscious, and may have effects at one or more points in the emotion producing process.” - Gross, 1998 (p. 275)  Three Components of Emotional Regulation 1. Initiating actions triggered by emotions. 2. Inhibiting actions triggered by emotions. 3. Modulating responses triggered by emotions.  Two Forms of Emotional Regulation According to Gross (1987), emotional regulation may take two forms: Cognitive reappraisal – evaluation of the situation prior to making personal, subjective valuations about it Suppression – denial and masking of facial expressions to hide one’s current emotional state  Research-Based Emotional Regulation Strategies Reappraisal – changing one's perspective on an event to reduce the emotional intensity associated with it Self-soothing – using comforting and calming techniques to regulate emotions, particularly during times of distress or heightened arousal Attentional control – directing and maintaining one's focus on specific aspects of a situation while deliberately diverting attention from others  Other Emotional Regulation Strategies Learning to identify and label emotions. Learning to understand the functions these emotions serve. Learning to reduce painful, negative emotions and to let go of emotional suffering. Learning to increase positive emotions. Plutchik’s Wheel of Emotions It was developed by psychologist Robert Plutchik. It was designed to help people identify and understand their emotional experience better at any given time, under any circumstance.  REFERENCES Introduction to Emotion, Basic Emotions, and Concept of Emotions. https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/23834/1/Unit-1.pdf Voris, J. (2009, Jul. 3). Difference between Emotions and Feelings. https://www.authentic- systems.com/featured -articles/difference-between-emotions-and-feelings/ Nickerson, C. (n.d.). James-Lange Theory Of Emotion: Definition And Examples. https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-is-the-james-lange-theory-of-emotion.html What is the Cannon-Bard Theory About? https://psychcentral.com/health/cannon-bard- theory-of-emotions Mcleod, S. (n.d.). Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory Of Emotion. https://www.simplypsychology.org/schachter-singer-theory.html Introduction to Neuroscience. https://openbooks.lib.msu.edu/introneuroscience1/chapter/emotions- overview/#:~:text=Emotions%20are%20complex%20neurophysiological%20states,persis t%20over%20years%20(vengefulness).  REFERENCES Mindfulness – Emotional Hijacking. https://www.deancare.com/getmedia/c66910ff-52eb- 4a8c-8faf-018ec86f53a8/Dean-Wellness-Emotional-hijacking.pdf Serrat, O. (2017). Understanding and Developing Emotional Intelligence. Doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-0983-9_37 Improving Emotional Intelligence (EQ). https://www.helpguide.org/articles/mental- health/emotional-intelligence-eq.htm Readingraphics (n.d.). Book Summary – Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ. https://readingraphics.com/book-summary-emotional-intelligence-daniel-goleman/ Chowdhury, M.R. (2019, Aug. 13). Emotional Regulation: 6 Key Skills to Regulate Emotions. https://positivepsychology.com/emotion-regulation/ Emotion Regulation Skills. https://psychiatry.ucsf.edu/sites/psych.ucsf.edu/files/EMOTION%20REGULATION%20SKILL S%20MANUAL.pdf How to Use the Emotion Wheel to Get to Know Yourself. https://www.betterup.com/blog/emotion-wheel