Week 11 Internal Disease PDF

Name of Department : NURSING (English) Course Code and Name : INTERNAL DISEASES NURSING-T (HEY 241-ET) Course Week : 11 Course Day and Time : Tuesday (14:00 to 17:45) ROOM 210 (Block-B) InformationCourse Credit/ACTS : 4 Examination Type and Gradings : Assignments and Mcqs Instructor’s Name & Surname : Dr. Nasir Mustafa E-mail & Phone: : [email protected] Instructor’s Room : 304 Block - B Office Hours : 9:00 to 18:00 GBS Link : https://gbs.gelisim.edu.tr/en/lesson-details-17-319-17299-2 ALMS Link : https://lms.gelisim.edu.tr/almsp/u/Home/Index AVESIS Link : https://avesis.gelisim.edu.tr/nmustafa | 14 WEEKS’S COURSE CONTENTS | 9. Neoplastic Diseases and Nursing Procedures 1. Fundamental Concepts of Nursing in 10. Respiratory System and Nursing Internal Diseases Procedures 2. Pain and Caring Patients in Pain 3. Liquid-Electrolyte and Acid-Base Imbalance 11. Digestive System Diseases and Nursing 4. Cardiovascular System Diseases and Procedures Nursing Procedures 5. Endocrine System Diseases and Nursing 12. Urinary System Diseases and Nursing Procedures Procedures 6. Diabetes and Metabolism Diseases and Nursing Procedures 13. Nervous System Diseases and Nursing 7. Blood Diseases and Nursing Procedures Procedures 8. MID-TERM EXAM 14. Sutural Ligament Tissue Diseases and Nursing Procedures 15. Nursing Care in Skin Health and Diseases 16. FINAL EXAM | Course Assessment | Activities could be quizzes, assignments, presentation, report, project, ……….. | NOTE | Attendance Attendance is mandatory for all scheduled lectures. | NOTE | Assignment Deliver the assignments before the deadline. | NOTE | Quiz Quizzes will be held online. (No excuses) | NOTE | Be Responsible Come to class on time. | NOTE | Be disciplined Avoid talking to friends in the class. | NOTE | Show discipline Mobiles are not allowed in the class. | WEEKLY LEARNING OUTCOMES | Learning Objectives: Digestive System Diseases and Nursing Procedures Understand the anatomy and physiology of the digestive system: Review the structures and functions of the gastrointestinal tract, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. Identify common digestive system diseases: Learn about conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, celiac disease, liver cirrhosis, hepatitis, and colorectal cancer. Recognize the signs and symptoms of digestive disorders: Understand the clinical presentation of each disease, including abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, vomiting, weight loss, and changes in stool. Understand the diagnostic methods for digestive system diseases: Explore laboratory tests (e.g., liver function tests, stool analysis), imaging techniques (e.g., endoscopy, ultrasound, CT scan, MRI), and other diagnostic tools used to assess digestive disorders. Understand the treatment and management options for digestive system diseases: Review medical and surgical treatments, including pharmacologic interventions (e.g., proton pump inhibitors, anti- inflammatory drugs), nutritional support, lifestyle modifications, and surgical procedures. Explore nursing procedures related to digestive system diseases: Learn about the nursing care and procedures, including patient assessment, monitoring vital signs, pain management, administering medications, preparing patients for diagnostic tests and surgeries, and educating patients on disease prevention and management strategies. | ABOUT THE PREVIOUS LESSON | Respiratory System and Nursing Procedures Anatomy & Physiology Understand respiratory system structure and function, breathing mechanics, and gas exchange. Common Disorders Identify symptoms, pathophysiology, and diagnostics of asthma, COPD, pneumonia, and ARDS. Nursing Assessment Perform respiratory assessments and monitor oxygen saturation and breathing patterns. Interventions Provide oxygen therapy, administer medications, and perform airway clearance techniques. Emergency Management Respond to respiratory emergencies and assist with intubation and ventilation. Patient Education Teach smoking cessation, device use (e.g., inhalers), and strategies to prevent exacerbations. Holistic Care Support psychosocial needs, provide palliative care, and respect patient preferences. | DAILY FLOW | 14:00-15:50/ 1st Hour 15:00-16:50/ 2nd Hour 16:00-17:50/ 3rd Hour 17:00-17:45/ 4th Hour Depth and Breath Conceptual Depth and Practical Depth Thematic Breadth and Interdisciplinary Breadth Teaching Methods and Techniques Lectures: Traditional method where the instructor presents information to the class. Effective for delivering large amounts of content efficiently. Presentation: Interactive sessions that allow for deeper discussion, hands-on practice, and exploration of specific topics. Group Projects: Collaborative work that encourages teamwork and application of concepts in a practical context. Problem-Based Learning (PBL): Students work on complex, real-world problems, which helps develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Flipped Classroom: Students review lecture material at home and engage in interactive activities during class time to deepen understanding. Online Learning Modules: Use of digital platforms for delivering content, quizzes, and interactive activities that allow for flexible learning. Assessments and Feedback: Regular evaluations through quizzes, exams, and assignments, coupled with constructive feedback to guide learning progress. Digestive System Diseases and Nursing Procedures Reference: Laureen Hemming Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. gelisimedu igugelisim Gastrointestinal Disorders What will we learn in this week?  Pathophysiology  Investigation and diagnosis  Signs, symptoms, complications  Nursing care and medications BOOK: Muralitharan Nair ; Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. gelisimedu igugelisim gelisimedu igugelisim Gastrointestinal Disorders Organs of the gastrointestinal tract. Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. Gastrointestinal Disorders The four layers of the gastrointestinal tract. Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. Gastrointestinal Disorders The small intestine. Large intestine. Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. Gastrointestinal Disorders Inﬂammatory bowel disease (IBD) Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. Gastrointestinal Disorders Inﬂammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a term that includes: Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) These are common diseases, occurring in the Western world and aﬀecting young adults. CD can aﬀect any part of the GI tract from the mouth to the anus, while UC mainly aﬀects the colon and the rectum. Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. Inﬂammatory bowel disease (IBD) Pathophysiology In CD, the inﬂammation occurs in segments along the GI tract, aﬀecting all layers, while in UC the disease process mainly involves the mucosa and submucosa. In both disorders the damaged mucosa has a cobblestone appearance (to the aﬀected areas) as fissures and ulcers surround islands of intact mucosa over oedematous submucosa. Fibrosis and narrowing of the tract can occur and lead to fistula formation. Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. Inﬂammatory bowel disease (IBD) Pathophysiology In UC, the rectum is always inﬂamed (proctitis) and the colon variably along its length. In the acute phase of UC, the inﬂammation aﬀects the mucosal layer all along the colon so it becomes oedematous and usually secretions are absent. A small amount of haemorrhage may occur and small ulcerations. The ulcerations are confined to the mucosa and the submucosal layers. As the disease enters the chronic phase, the ulceration becomes fibrotic and the bowel wall shortens and thickens. Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. Inﬂammatory bowel disease (IBD) Pathophysiology The severity and extent of the disease could lead to malabsorption and malnutrition as the ulcers prevent absorption of nutrients. When the jejunum and ileum are aﬀected, the absorption of multiple nutrients may be impaired, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and folate. Disease in the terminal ileum can lead to vitamin B12 malabsorption and bile salt reabsorption. The ulcerations can also lead to protein loss and chronic, slow blood loss, with consequent anaemia. Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. Inﬂammatory bowel disease (IBD) Investigations and diagnosis Sigmoidoscopy of the lower intestine and the taking of biopsy samples from the bowel wall. Since the lower bowel is involved in all those with ulcerative colitis and about half of those with Crohn’s disease, this is a helpful investigation for inﬂammatory bowel disease. Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. Inﬂammatory bowel disease (IBD) Investigations and diagnosis Colonoscopy of the large intestine and terminal ileum using a ﬂexible tube inserted through the anus. Colonoscopy has reduced the need for barium enema examinations. Colonoscopy can also be used to determine how much of the large intestine is involved and the extent and severity of disease. It also has the advantage of allowing biopsies, tissue samples, to be taken from the bowel wall during the procedure Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. Inﬂammatory bowel disease (IBD) Investigations and diagnosis Histopathology is the detailed microscopic examination by a pathologist of tissue samples, biopsies taken at the time of sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy. Histopathology can be very helpful in confirming the diagnosis and indicating whether the inﬂammatory bowel disease is active or not. Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. Inﬂammatory bowel disease (IBD) Signs and symptoms Pain and discomfort. The duration of the pain can vary a great deal. Many patients with IBS describe the pain as a spasm or colic. Bloating and swelling of the abdomen. Diarrhoea or constipation. Sometimes the stools become small and pellet-‐like. Sometimes the stools become watery or ribbony. At times, mucus may be mixed with the stools Other symptoms include poor appetite, nausea, belching, headache, quick fullness after eating, heartburn CT or MRI scan of the abdomen Blood test for anaemia. Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. Inﬂammatory bowel disease (IBD) Complications The two most common complications are: Bowel obstruction – severe inﬂammation that causes sections of the bowel to narrow and harden, causing the bowel contents to become stuck in the bowel Fistula – a channel that develops between the anus and the skin near the anus. For both these complications, surgery may be needed to prevent further complications, such as perforations and rupture of the colon. Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. Inﬂammatory bowel disease (IBD) Nursing care and management Relieving pain is one of the primary goals. Some patients may complain of severe colicky pain, while others may have intermittent pain. Any analgesia administered needs to be individualised. Nurses need to check with the patient if they are pain free, using a pain assessment tool, after the administration of analgesia. Nutritional risk assessment should be carried out using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST). The patient will need advice on the type of food they should eat and the ones to avoid. Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. Inﬂammatory bowel disease (IBD) Nursing care and management The patient may also be receiving blood transfusions if they are anaemic. Nurses need to follow local and national guidelines in the monitoring of patients on blood transfusion. Report any adverse reactions to the person in charge immediately, so that prompt action can be taken to prevent any further complications. Ensure that the patient and their relatives are given time to express their worries and concerns. Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. Inﬂammatory bowel disease (IBD) Nursing care and management The patient may be prescribed supplementary nutritional ﬂuid in acute stages of the disease. Ensure that the patient does not get dehydrated as a result of the diarrhoea and vomiting. Record intake and output accurately on a ﬂuid balance chart. Where necessary, maintain a stool chart and monitor the frequency and if there is any blood in the stool. Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. Inﬂammatory bowel disease (IBD) Medications Both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are treated with medications such as: Corticosteroids, which help reduce inﬂammation, and Immunosuppressants, which block the harmful activities of the immune system. Budesonide and prednisolone are steroids that are often used to treat Crohn’s disease. Anti-‐ inﬂammatory drugs such as sulfasalazine are also used to treat inﬂammation in the early stages of Crohn’s disease. Immunosuppressants such as azathioprine and mercaptopurine may also be prescribed to reduce inﬂammation and suppress the immune system. Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. Inﬂammatory bowel disease (IBD) Medications Inﬂiximab and adalimumab are recommended as treatment options for adults with severe active Crohn’s disease whose disease has not responded to: conventional therapy (including immunosuppressive and/or corticosteroid treatments) or who are intolerant of or have contraindications to conventional therapy Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. Inﬂammatory bowel disease (IBD) Medications Note: Steroids come in diﬀerent forms: injections, entericcoated tablets, inhalers and ointments. Many people take glucocorticoids (steroids) and may not be aware that one of the side-‐eﬀects is type 2 diabetes. Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. Inﬂammatory bowel disease (IBD) Nutrition During an acute attack, most patients find a diet lower in fibre and residue helps to relieve symptoms such as cramping and wind. It can also reduce the number of times the patient defaecates. A low residue diet aims to rest the bowel and allow it to heal. A low residue diet involves avoiding roughage (insoluble fibre) that the body cannot break down. Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. Inﬂammatory bowel disease (IBD) Nutrition Roughage is found in skins, pips, seeds, whole grain cereals, nuts and raw fruit and vegetables. Other food or drinks that can increase bowel motions are spices, greasy food, alcohol, caﬀeine and fizzy drinks. Often, these dietary changes are temporary and once the disease has resolved eﬀorts should be made to reintroduce fibre gradually. Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. Inﬂammatory bowel disease (IBD) The Evidence Blueberries are rich in cancer-‐preventing antioxidants and vitamins. Now researchers claim that the ﬁbre in the fruit can help prevent a range of intestinal diseases such as ulcerative colitis. Experts say that the eﬀect is even greater if eaten with probiotics – the good type of bacteria found in yoghurts. http://www.ﬁtday.com/ﬁtness-‐articles/nutrition/healthy -‐eating/the-‐6-‐best-‐ high-‐antioxidant-‐fruits.html Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. Inﬂammatory bowel disease (IBD) Surgery Surgery is often required when the symptoms of Crohn’s disease cannot be controlled using medication alone. An estimated 80% of people with Crohn’s disease require surgery at some point in their life. Surgery cannot cure Crohn’s disease but it can provide long periods of remission, often lasting several years. During surgery, the inﬂamed section of the digestive system is removed and the remaining part is reattached. Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. Inﬂammatory bowel disease (IBD) Surgery Some patients may have had surgery and may have a colostomy/ileostomy and therefore they will need advice in the care of ostomies and the resources available in the community for stoma care. Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. Inﬂammatory bowel disease (IBD) Health promotion and discharge Prior to discharge, nurses should advise the patient to: Minimise consumption of sugars and refined foods, as they tend exacerbate inﬂammation of the bowel, and avoid alcohol and caﬀeine Encourage the patient to drink approximately 2–3 L of ﬂuid per day to prevent dehydration Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. Inﬂammatory bowel disease (IBD) Health promotion and discharge Eat a health-‐promoting diet. After identifying and removing any allergenic foods from the diet, choose a balanced diet composed of whole, unprocessed, preferably organic foods, especially plant foods (fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans, nuts (especially walnuts), and seeds) and coldwater fish, such as salmon and mackerel. Fish are rich in omega 3 and fatty acids, which are a good source of anti-‐inﬂammatory substances. Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. Inﬂammatory bowel disease (IBD) Health promotion and discharge Advise on vitamin and mineral supplements as they are essential for tissue healing; the absorption of the substances, especially vitamin B12, may be aﬀected by IBD Only use antibiotics when absolutely necessary Take regular exercise, as it helps tone muscles and improve bowel function Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. Inﬂammatory bowel disease (IBD) Health promotion and discharge Advise the patient to see their GP if the symptoms of IBD are aﬀecting their physical and mental status Advise the patient to keep all outpatient appointments as organised, even if they feel better. Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. Inﬂammatory bowel disease (IBD) The Evidence The rise of inﬂammatory bowel diseases could be down to our shifting diets, causing a ‘boom in bad bacteria’, according to US researchers. Mouse experiments detailed in the journal Nature linked certain fats, bacteria in the gut and the onset of inﬂammatory diseases. The researchers said the high-‐fat diet changed the way food was digested and encouraged harmful bacteria. Microbiologists said modifying gut bacteria might treat the disease. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-‐18432652 Nursing Practice : Knowledge and Care, edited by Ian Peate, et al., John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gelisim/detail.action?docID=1765076. | WHAT TO TAKE HOME? | Key Takeaways: Digestive System Diseases and Nursing Procedures Comprehensive Understanding of the Digestive System: The digestive system involves the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder, each playing a crucial role in digestion and absorption. Variety of Digestive Disorders: Diseases such as GERD, peptic ulcers, IBS, Crohn's disease, and liver cirrhosis are common, each with distinct symptoms like abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in stool. Diagnostic Tools: A combination of laboratory tests (e.g., liver function tests, stool analysis) and imaging techniques (e.g., endoscopy, ultrasound) is used to diagnose digestive system diseases accurately. Treatment Modalities: Treatment includes pharmacologic approaches (e.g., PPIs for GERD), dietary changes, surgical interventions (e.g., colectomy), and lifestyle adjustments. Nutritional support is essential for managing malnutrition in patients. Nursing Procedures: Nurses play a vital role in patient care by monitoring vital signs, administering medications, educating patients on lifestyle changes, preparing patients for procedures, and offering pain management. Psychosocial Aspects: Digestive system diseases can affect a patient’s mental health. Anxiety and depression may arise, making psychosocial support an essential part of nursing care. | RECOMMENDED WEEKLY STUDIES | Recommended weekly studies for "Digestive System Diseases and Nursing Procedures": Anatomy and Physiology: Review the digestive system's structure and function, focusing on digestion and absorption processes. Common Diseases: Study conditions like GERD, peptic ulcers, IBS, Crohn's disease, liver diseases, and colorectal cancer. Diagnosis: Understand signs, symptoms, and diagnostic methods such as lab tests, endoscopy, and imaging. Treatment: Learn about pharmacologic treatments, diet modifications, and surgical options for digestive disorders. Nursing Procedures: Focus on nursing assessments, interventions, pain management, and patient education on lifestyle changes. Nutrition: Study the role of diet in managing digestive disorders and the use of enteral and parenteral nutrition. Psychosocial Aspects: Address the psychological impact of chronic digestive diseases and the importance of patient education. | REFERENCES | Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing Hinkle, J. L., & Cheever, K. H. (2020). Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (14th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems Lewis, S. M., Dirksen, S. R., Heitkemper, M. M., & Bucher, L. (2016). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems (10th ed.). Elsevier. Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and Science of Nursing Care Potter, P. A., & Perry, A. G. (2020). Fundamentals of Nursing (9th ed.). Elsevier. | QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTIONS | Questions: What are the common diseases of the digestive system, and what are their causes and risk factors? What are the key signs and symptoms of digestive system disorders? What diagnostic methods are used to assess digestive system diseases (e.g., laboratory tests, imaging)? What are the medical and surgical treatments available for digestive system diseases? What nursing interventions and procedures are essential for managing patients with digestive disorders? How does nutrition play a role in the management of digestive diseases, and what dietary modifications are recommended? Suggestions: Understand Disease Pathophysiology: Study the causes and mechanisms behind common digestive disorders like GERD, IBD, and liver diseases to aid in diagnosis and treatment. Master Diagnostic Techniques: Familiarize yourself with diagnostic tools such as endoscopy, imaging (CT, MRI), blood tests, and stool analysis for accurate assessment of digestive diseases. Focus on Nursing Interventions: Learn essential nursing care procedures such as administering medications, pain management, patient education, and preparing patients for diagnostic tests. | REFERENCES | Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing Hinkle, J. L., & Cheever, K. H. (2020). Brunner & Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (14th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems Lewis, S. M., Dirksen, S. R., Heitkemper, M. M., & Bucher, L. (2016). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems (10th ed.). Elsevier. Fundamentals of Nursing: The Art and Science of Nursing Care Potter, P. A., & Perry, A. G. (2020). Fundamentals of Nursing (9th ed.). Elsevier. | ABOUT THE NEXT WEEK | Next Week’s Topic: Urinary System Diseases and Nursing Procedures Anatomy and Physiology: Understand the structure and function of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, and the processes of urine formation and excretion. Common Diseases: Learn about urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney stones, chronic kidney disease (CKD), nephrotic syndrome, and acute kidney injury (AKI), including their causes and risk factors. Symptoms: Recognize signs like dysuria, hematuria, oliguria, and flank pain. Diagnostic Methods: Study diagnostic tools such as urine tests, imaging (ultrasound, CT scan), and blood tests (serum creatinine, BUN). Treatment: Review medical and surgical treatments, including antibiotics, medications, dialysis, and renal transplant. Nursing Interventions: Focus on nursing assessments, fluid balance monitoring, pain management, and patient education on disease management. Psychosocial Support: Address the emotional impact of chronic urinary diseases and provide patient counseling. ………….. – ………………………… Since course presentations are private, using the texts and images contained herein on social media or else without permission from the course instructor is against the regulations Law No. 6698.

Week 11 Internal Disease PDF

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