Week 10 - Substance Use and Gender Linked Disorders PDF

Week 10 Substance Use and Gender Linked Disorders PSY 2234 Fall 2024 Overview Gender Dysphoria Diagnostic Controversy Trans Identity Substance Use Disorder Diagnostic Criteria Treatments Classes of Drug Alcohol Cannabis Caffeine Be...

Week 10 Substance Use and Gender Linked Disorders PSY 2234 Fall 2024 Overview Gender Dysphoria Diagnostic Controversy Trans Identity Substance Use Disorder Diagnostic Criteria Treatments Classes of Drug Alcohol Cannabis Caffeine Behavioral Addictions Gambling Addiction Internet Gaming Disorder Disorders of Sex and Gender Sex and Gender Sex Physical characteristics considered masculine or feminine (breasts, testicles, etc.) Gender Degree to which one identifies with masculinity and femininity Gender Dysphoria Dissatisfaction or discomfort with one’s secondary sex characteristics (e.g. chest hair, vagina) because of a mismatch between them and one’s gender identity Gender Dysphoria Common therapeutic treatments Gender affirmation surgery: surgical changes to the body (e.g. to enlarge breasts of a trans woman) to improve self-comfort Hormone replacement therapy: medication to improve self-comfort with body (e.g. a trans man taking testosterone to stimulate beard growth) Gender Dysphoria Commonly occurs among Trans individuals Agender individuals Children who begin puberty early Girls ages ~8 - 14 Fluctuating Norms: Gender Dysphoria There is controversy about diagnosing trans individuals with gender dysphoria Gender Dysphoria and Trans Identity Arguments in Favor Arguments Against Diagnosis allows trans Over-emphasizes bodies as Americans to use insurance source of gender rather than to cover costs of gender gender identity confirmation Pathologizes trans identity Many trans people do feel Some women (trans and cis) real anxiety and discomfort are fine with having beards with bodies Trans Identity Trans Identity associated with having a gender different than the one assigned at birth Trans Identity Trans individuals are at increased risk for Depression and anxiety Most forms of mental illness Self-injury Reflects the impact of discrimination Trans Discrimination Impact of discrimination on physical health of Black Americans? Substance Use Disorders Substance Use Disorders Drinking alcohol every day Drinking until vomiting/memory loss occurs 10 or more drinks at once without losing consciousness “An unhealthy amount” Diagnosis of Substance Use Disorders Distress Person expresses a desire to use substance less, but has been unsuccessful in cutting back or stopping Wanting substance is stronger than liking substance Diagnosis of Substance Use Disorders Dysfunction Jobs, hobbies, resources, or opportunities have been lost as a result of the substance Reduction of activities not related to substance Diagnosis of Substance Use Disorders Deviance Use continues despite it causing damage to interpersonal relations Person spends lots of time getting, using, and recovering from use of substance Diagnosis of Substance Use Disorders Danger Tolerance Person has to use more and more to get desired effect Withdrawal Person undergoes negative response or even becomes ill if deprived of substance Treatments for Substance Use Disorder Most effective approaches involve Rewarding sobriety Preventing use Changing environment Relapse Prevention Training Client is taught to Track own drug use Recognize factors that trigger drug use Develop strategies to avoid those triggers Figure out other ways to cope when triggers occur Antagonist Drugs Antagonist Substance that undoes, prevents, or opposes the effect of a different substance Antagonist drug therapies Antabuse: daily use causes alcohol to be sickening rather than enjoyable to use Naloxone (Narcan): use in emergency reverses opiate overdose; daily use prevents opiate effects Self-Help Programs Groups of individuals with same addiction meet regularly Members exchange strategies for sobriety Self-awareness developed through talking with others Social rewards for remaining sober Causes of Substance Use Disorder Internalizing temperament vs. externalizing temperament? Externalizing Temperament Psychopathology manifests as Poor impulse control Low frustration tolerance Aggression and overactivity Predicts drug use because Highly influenced by peers Poor planning for future Immediate rewards valued over long-term ones Internalizing Temperament Psychopathology manifested as Fear and inhibition Negative thinking and sadness Dependence and need for structure Predicts drug use because Self-medicating for distress Reduction of emotional pain Low self-worth Causes of Substance Use Disorder Types of Addiction Drug Any non-food chemical that is ingested in order to change one’s mental state Most popular addictive drugs 1. Caffeine 2. Alcohol 3. Cannabis (marijuana) Caffeine Stimulant Increases heart rate, motor activity, arousal Decreases sleep and fatigue Minimal overdose risk, few negative health effects Most popular addictive drug in U.S. Caffeine High physical addiction potential Most users increase tolerance over time Most users show withdrawal on stopping Low psychological addiction potential Most users are able to cut back or stop relatively easily over time Rare to have large amount of time, energy, resources consumed by seeking caffeine Alcohol Depressant Slows down central nervous system and produces relaxation Increases emotional and impulsive behaviors Most dangerous when Binge drinking: 5 or more standard-size drinks in one sitting Used in combination with other drugs, including medications Alcohol High physical addiction potential Most users increase tolerance over time Heavy use will trigger severe withdrawal on stopping Moderate psychological addiction potential 80% of American adults drink alcohol sometimes 15% of American adults drank alcohol last week Cannabis Stimulant? Increases appetite and activity in small doses Depressant? Slows central nervous system Hallucinogen? Distorts perception of time and space Cannabis Low physical addiction potential Tolerance stays same or decreases over time No withdrawal syndrome High psychological addiction potential Daily cannabis users report severe anxiety and depression on stopping use Many users spend time, energy, other resources on obtaining, using, and recovering from drug Cannabis Use Disorder Rates are increasing Cannabis today contains up to 8x as much THC (active ingredient) as it did 50 years ago Cannabis is easier to use daily Gummies, THC drinks, vape pens: all easier to use than joints (cannabis cigarettes) Cannabis is legal in 24 U.S. states Behavioral Addictions Gambling Disorder Person gambles (wagers money) to point of dysfunction, deviance, danger, or distress Using gambling to cope with negative feelings Losing needed money on gambling Unable to reduce amount of gambling Thinks constantly about gambling Internet Gaming Disorder Person uses internet and/or video games to point of dysfunction, deviance, distress, or danger Consistently losing sleep to web browsing or gaming Loss of interest in non-media activities Damage to work, school, and/or relationships because of amount of internet use Inability to reduce use despite negative effects