‏‏week 1 - summary.pptx

Health education(MIDW 303) Week 1: Concept of health Determinants of Health Factors Affecting Health and Human Behavior Health Beliefs and Behavioral Factors Affecting health status changes 1...

Health education(MIDW 303) Week 1: Concept of health Determinants of Health Factors Affecting Health and Human Behavior Health Beliefs and Behavioral Factors Affecting health status changes 1 College of 1 Nursing ,PNU Objectives At the end of this lecture, the student are expected to: Define Health, behavior and related terms Describe determinants of Health affect health outcome Describe the factors which affect human behavior Discuss on the role of human behavior in prevention of disease and promotion of health. College of 2 Nursing ,PNU CONCEPT OF HEALTH Health is a common theme in most cultures. All communities have their concept of health, as a part of their culture. Oldest definition of health in all communities is “absence of disease”. College of 3 Nursing ,PNU  CONCEPT OF HEALTH  Ecological concept  Continuum of health  Wellness concept of health  Relative concept of health  H olistic concept of health College of 4 Nursing ,PNU  1.ECOLOGICAL CONCEPT Health implies relative absence of pain and discomfort and a continuous adaptation to the environment to ensure optimal function. This viewed health as a dynamic equilibrium between individual &his environment. College of 5 Nursing ,PNU  2.CONTINUUM OF HEALTH Continuum of health ranges from optimal health to total disability or death. There is a centre point which demarcates between health and diseases sides of the continuum. As we move through various stages of life our health status fluctuates from optimal level to state of various level of health and degree of deviation at each stage of life, finally to death. College of 6 Nursing ,PNU College of 7 Nursing ,PNU 3. WELLNESS CONCEPT OF HEALTH This concept is comparable to continuum of health which ranges from optimum health or total disability or death There is increasing or decreasing level of wellness comparable to degree of health or there is increasing or decreasing level of illness comparable to extend of disease College of 8 Nursing ,PNU  4. RELATIVE CONCEPT OF HEALTH  Health is relative and not absolute.  It is related to one’s environment , lifestyle, physiological changes that take place in various stages of life span and resources. College of 9 Nursing ,PNU 5. HOLISTIC CONCEPT OF HEALTH Health is a state of complete physical, mental, spiritual and social wellbeing and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity. College of 1 Nursing ,PNU 0  DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH Physical wellbeing\health Mental wellbeing \health Social wellbeing \health Spiritual wellbeing \health College of 1 Nursing ,PNU 1  HUMAN BIOLOGY a lt h M he ent l he M alt al i t ua UL IN h p ir SO D S HUMAN AND LIFE HEALTH ALLIED STYLE & RESOURCES WELL BEING BO Y he DY T IT L EN CIA ealt h Ph alth ys SO cial h ica So l ENVIRONMENT DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH College of 1 Nursing ,PNU 2  1.PHYSICAL WELLBEING It is related to body structure and its physiology. Refers to the normal functioning of the tissues, organs, and system of body. Body movement are coordinated. College of 1 Nursing ,PNU 3  2.MENTAL WELLBEING Mental health is related to mind and refers to normal functioning of mind. Characteristics of mentally healthy individual which are identified are as follows:- He/she is free from internal conflict He/she is able to feel a part of others He/she is well adjusted and able to meet the demands of life and able to solve problems intelligently College of 1 Nursing ,PNU 4  3.SOCIAL WELLBEING It implies harmony and integration with in the individual, between each individual and other members of the society and between individuals and the world in which they live. College of 1 Nursing ,PNU 5  4. SPIRITUAL WELLBEING Help individual to seek meaning and purpose in life. It is associated with the religious belief of an individual. This gives strength and determination to face realities of life. College of 1 Nursing ,PNU 6 What is Health prevention? Prevention is defined as the planning for and the measures taken to forestall the onset of a disease or other health problem before the occurrence of undesirable health events. There are three distinct levels of prevention: primary, secondary, tertiary prevention. College of 1 Nursing ,PNU 7  Cont…… Healthy person Early signs Disease Death Tertiary prevention Primary prevention Secondary prevention College of 1 Nursing ,PNU 8 Primary prevention Primary prevention is comprised of those activities carried out to keep people healthy and prevent them from getting disease. College of 1 Nursing ,PNU 9  Examples of important behaviors for primary prevention includes: using rubber gloves when there is a potential for the spread of disease, immunizing against specific diseases, exercise, brushing teeth. And any health education or promotion program aimed specifically at prevention of the onset of illness or health problems. College of 2 Nursing ,PNU 0 Secondary prevention Secondary prevention includes preventive measures that lead to an early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a problem before it becomes serious. College of 2 Nursing ,PNU 1 Tertiary prevention Tertiary prevention seeks to limit disability or complication arising from an irreversible condition. College of 2 Nursing ,PNU 2 Determinants of Health ❖ The factors which determine are inside the body (genetic/ intrinsic) and some are outside the body (environmental factors) ❖ The interaction of these factors may either promote or deteriorate the health. College of 2 Nursing ,PNU 3 1.Genetic/ intrinsic Determinants: Genetic makeup is unique which cannot be altered. Diseases like chromosomal anomalies, errors of metabolism, some types of diabetes etc are genetic in origin. Medical genetics offers hope for prevention and treatment of widespread of diseases. College of 2 Nursing ,PNU 4  2.Environment Determination Environment has a direct impact on physical, mental & social wellbeing of those living it. College of 2 Nursing ,PNU 5  A.Socio-economic conditions: 1.Economic Status: The economic status determines : Standard of living, Quality of life, the pattern of disease Upper socio-economic groups may also be a contributory cause of high rates of coronary heart disease, diabetes and obesity. Those disease are associated also with lifestyle\ behaviour changes. College of 2 Nursing ,PNU 6  2.Education: Low education levels are linked with poverty, malnutrition, ill health, high infant and child mortality rates. Education is a major factor influencing health status Especially the female education. College of 2 Nursing ,PNU 7  3.Occupation: Being employed in productive work promotes health, however, it may lead to disorders like Silicosis Unemployed show a higher incidence of ill health, psychological and social damage. College of 2 Nursing ,PNU 8 B. Health Services: Purpose - to improve the health status of population. eg., Immunization of children's, Care of pregnant women. To be effective, health services such Primary Health Care must reach the social periphery, equitably distributed, accessible. College of 2 Nursing ,PNU 9 C. Other Factors: The agriculture, rural development, urban development, Provision of safe water , are the other contributory factors for improving the standards of living and determination of health. Their services are provision of protected water supply, good roads, lighting etc. In developing countries like india, risk of illness and death are connected with lack of sanitation, poor nutrition, personal hygiene etc. College of 3 Nursing ,PNU 0 Human behaviour Human behaviour is among the major determinants of the health of individuals, families or communities. Healthy behaviours contribute to the overall health of individuals and communities and unhealthy behaviours adversely affect the quality of life people at different levels. The promotion of health and prevention of diseases will usually involve some changes in life styles or human behaviour. College of Nursing ,PNU 3 1 The following are examples of how people’s actions can affect their health: Using mosquito nets and insect sprays helps to keep mosquito away. Feeding children with unhygienic bottle put them at risk of diarrhoea. Defecating in an open field will lead to parasitic infection. Unsafe sex predisposes people to unwanted pregnancy, HIV/AIDS and other STDs. College of 3 Nursing ,PNU 2 Factors affecting human behavior Discussion College of 3 Nursing ,PNU 3 Factors affecting human behavior I. Predisposing factors: II. Enabling factors: III. Reinforcing factors: In health education it is very important to be able to identify the action/practices that cause, cure, or prevent a problem for the success or failure of nursing intervention. College of 3 Nursing ,PNU 4  Factors affecting human behaviour 1. Predisposing factors: provide the rationale or motivation for the behavior to occur. Some of these are: Knowledge Belief Attitudes Values College of 3 Nursing ,PNU 5  Knowledge Knowledge It is the collection and storage of information or experience. E.g. knowledge about methods of prevention of HIV College of 3 Nursing ,PNU 6  Belief Belief is a conviction that a phenomenon or object is true or real. People usually do not know whether what they believe is true or false. They are usually derived from our parents, grandparents, and other people we respect. Beliefs may be helpful, harmful or neutral. If it is not certain that a belief is harmful, it is better to leave it alone. College of 3 Nursing ,PNU 7 For example, a certain society may have the following beliefs: Holding materials made of iron by mothers during postpartum (Neutral) Diarrhea may end up with death (helpful) Measles can not be prevented by immunization (harmful) College of 3 Nursing ,PNU 8 Attitudes Attitudes a feeling or way of thinking that affects a person's behavior College of 3 Nursing ,PNU 9  Example E.g. Ahmad had fever and visited the nearby health center. The staff on duty that day was very busy and shouted at her, “Do you want us to waste our time for a mild fever? Come back when we are less busy.” She did not like being shouted at. This experience gave her bad attitude toward the health staff. This bad attitude could discourage her from attending the health center next time she is sick. College of 4 Nursing ,PNU 0 Values Values are broad ideas and widely held assumptions regarding what are desirable, correct and good that most members of a society share. E.g. being married and having many children are highly valued in most Ethiopian community College of 4 Nursing ,PNU 1 2. Enabling factors: these are characteristics of the environment that facilitates healthy behavior and any skill or resource required to attain the behavior. Enabling factors are required for motivation to be realized. College of 4 Nursing ,PNU 2 Examples of enabling factors include: Availability and or accessibility of health resources Government laws, priority and commitment to health Presence of health related skills College of 4 Nursing ,PNU 3 3. Reinforcing factors: Reinforcing factors: these factors subsequent to the behavior The most important reinforcing factors for a behavior to occur or avoid include: Family Peers, teachers Employers, health providers Community leaders Decision makers College of 4 Nursing ,PNU 4  Cont….. Pressure from others can be a positive influence to adopt health promoting practices as well as an obstacle. In the case of a young child, it is usually the parents who have the most influence. As a child grows older, friends become important and a young person can feel a powerful pressure to conform to the peer group. E.g. a young man starts smoking because his friends encouraged him to do so College of 4 Nursing ,PNU 5  Discuss on The role of human behavior in prevention of disease and promotion of health College of 4 Nursing ,PNU 6  Examples of behaviours promoting health and preventing diseases Healthy behaviours: - actions that healthy people undertake to keep themselves or others healthy and prevent disease.  Good nutrition,  breast feeding, reduction of health damaging behaviours like smoking College of 4 Nursing ,PNU 7  Cont…. Utilization behaviour: - utilization of health services such as antenatal care, child health, immunization, family planning…etc Illness behaviour: - recognition of early symptoms and self-referral for treatment.(Illness behaviors are important examples of behaviors for secondary prevention.) College of 4 Nursing ,PNU 8  Cont…. Compliance behaviours: - following a course of prescribed drugs such as for tuberculosis. Rehabilitation behaviours: - what people need to do after a serious illness to prevent further disability. Community action: - actions by individuals and groups to change and improve their surroundings to meet special needs. College of 4 Nursing ,PNU 9 Thank you College of 5 Nursing ,PNU 0