Week-1-PHILOSOPHY.pdf

Gateways Institute of Science and Technology HOW TO USE THIS MODULE Here are some reminders on how to use this material: 1. Answer the diagnostic test before you proceed to the different activities. The diagnostic test determines how much you know about the lesso...

Gateways Institute of Science and Technology HOW TO USE THIS MODULE Here are some reminders on how to use this material: 1. Answer the diagnostic test before you proceed to the different activities. The diagnostic test determines how much you know about the lessons and identifies the areas you ought to learn. Your teacher will check and analyze your score to determine your learning needs; 2. This module contains relevant information and activities. Go over each activity carefully. If you encounter difficulties, do not hesitate to consult your teacher for assistance through your group messaging; 3. Do not skip any lesson. REMEMBER that each activity is a preparation for the succeeding activities; 4. Perform the given activities, quizzes and assignments to enrich your knowledge and skills; 5. Write all your answers on a separate sheet of paper; 6. After successfully finishing the tasks, PLEASE RETURN this module with your answers to the quizzes and tasks given for checking; 7. Your score will be analyzed and will be used by your teacher for the computation of your grades; 8. Lastly, DO NOT mark this MODULE in any way.  I. OBJECTIVES (Specific Objectives) To distinguish a holistic perspective from a partial point of view. To realize the value of doing philosophy in obtaining a board perspective in life. To do a philosophical reflection on a concrete situation from a holistic perspective Lesson Proper The Meaning of Philosophy One of the key elements in many educational reforms is diversity, difference, and choice or other proposals that establish separate curricular routes for different groups or individuals. Diversity is the difference that makes each person unique. Sometimes, we have difficulty in accepting others because they are different from us. Yet, such behavior can limit a person's opportunities or can make the person feel excluded or aggrieved. Educational challenge in the 21st century entails how to deal appropriately with cultural and racial multiplicity and that one does not engage in harassment of any form (Kurcinka 2006). SCIENCE- It is called science because the investigation is systematic. It follows certain steps or it employs certain procedures. NATURAL LIGHT OF REASON -Philosophy investigates things, not by using any other laboratory instrument or tools even theology but philosopher uses his natural capacity to think simply human reason alone. STUDY OF ALL THINGS - This sets the distinction between philosophy from other sciences. All other sciences concern themselves with a particular object of investigation. Whereas, a philosopher studies human beings, society, religion, language, God, and plants among other concerns. The reason is that philosophy is not one dimensional or partial. Philosopher does not limit himself to a particular object of inquiry. He questions almost anything, if not everything. It is multidimensional or holistic. FIRST CAUSE OR HIGHEST PRINCIPLE- A principle is that from which something proceeds in any manner whatsoever. Developed by: Gateways Institute of Science and Technology Subject: Introduction to Philosophy Quarter & Week #: 1st Quarter – Week 1  PRINCIPLE OF IDENTITY -Whatever is it; and whatever is not is not; everything is what it is. Everything is its own being, and not being is not being. PRINCIPLE OF NON-CONTRADICTION -It is impossible for a thing to be and not to be at the same time, and at the same respect. PRINCIPLE OF EXCLUDED MIDDLE- A thing is either is or is not; everything must be either be or not be; between being and not-being, there is no middle ground possible. PRINCIPLE OF SUFFICIENT REASON- Nothing exists without a sufficient reason for its being and existence. ❖ In attaining wisdom, there is a need of emptying. ❖ For Taoist considers an empty cup more useful than a full one. This means simplicity and humility. ❖ Emptying can be also spiritual. For Christian Philosophy, poverty in spirit means compassion A. The Branches of Philosophy METAPHYSICS- Is really only an extension of a fundamental and necessary drive inevery human being to know what is real. ETHICS- It explores the nature of moral judgments. Philosophical ethics attempts to proven an account of our fundamental ethical ideas. EPISTEMOLOGY- Specifically, it deals with nature, sources, limitations, and validity of knowledge. Epistemology questions are basic to all other philosophical inquiries. Epistemology explains: 1. How we know what we claim to know; 2. How we can find out what we wish to know; and 3. How we can differentiate truth from falsehood. It addresses varied problems. LOGIC- Reasoning is the concern of the logician. Logic is not interested in what we know regarding certain subjects. Its concern, rather, is the truth or the validity of our arguments regarding such objects. Developed by: Gateways Institute of Science and Technology Subject: Introduction to Philosophy Quarter & Week #: 1st Quarter – Week 1  AESTHETICS- When humanity has learned to make something that is useful to them they begin to plan and dream how to make it beautiful. Aesthetics Is the science of the beautiful in its various manifestations. THE IMPORTANCE OF AESTHETIC 1. It vitalizes our knowledge - It makes our knowledge of the world alive and useful. 2. It helps us to live more deeply and richly - A work of art-whether a book, a piece of music, painting, or a television show helps us to rise from purely physical existence into the realm of intellect and spirit. 3. It brings us in touch with our culture -Things about us change so rapidly today that we forget how much we owe to the past. B. Filipino Thinking: From Local to Global 1. LOOB: HOLISTIC AND INTERIOR DIMENSIONS - Kagandahang-loob, kabutihang-loob and kalooban are terms that show sharing of one`s self to others. Filipino believes the innate goodness of the human being.Filipino ethics has an internal code and sanction that flow from within itself. 2. FILIPINO PHILOSOPHY OF TIME-Often, Filipino time is mistakenly interpreted as always delayed in the committed time of arrival. This notion can be misleading since the Filipino Farmers are early risers to go to their field and waste no time for work. The concept of “Siesta time” or “Power naps” is also important for Filipino culture that must not be necessarily considered negative. 3. BAHALA NA- The Filipino subconsciously accepts the bahala na attitude as a part of life. Bahala na literally means to leave everything to God who is Bathala in the vernacular. It contains the elements of resignation. Thus, the Filipino accepts beforehand whatever the outcome of his problem might be. (Mercado 2000) 4. FILIPINO THOUGHT AND VALUES: POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASPECTS. UTANG NA LOOB- However as we consider our duty, it should not be bounded by utang na loob but to help to uplift the life not only of one`s own family but of others as well. The Filipino gives great value to endurance and hard work as means to economic self-sufficiency. Developed by: Gateways Institute of Science and Technology Subject: Introduction to Philosophy Quarter & Week #: 1st Quarter – Week 1  This self-sufficiency refers not to individual self, but to the family to which one owes a special debt of gratitude for having brought him life and nurtured him. We should stress other positive Filipino values such as bayanihan. It is another moving spirit of the Filipino people. Deep down in the Filipino psyche, there exists the belief that whatever good one has done will redound to one`s benefit because a supreme judge will dispense just compensation whether in this life or the next (Mercado 2000) C. Philosophy: Transcending and Aiming for a Life of Abundance Abundance comes from the Latin term, “abundare” (Aguilar 2010) meaning, to overflow nonstop.” in Aguilar`s The Gift of Abundance, abundance was given new spiritual, even Buddhist paradigm. Abundance is out flowing than incoming, it is not about amassing material things or people but our relationship with others, ourselves, and with nature. Aguilar (2010) asserts that our very life belongs to God. ABUNDANCE IS NOT WHAT WE GATHER BUT WHAT WE SCATTER. Often, abundance is equated with materialism, but it is when we raise our empty hands and surrender, when we do not grab, when we are unattached to anything or anyone, when we often oneself-all these are abundance. Only if we have empty hands can we receive full blessings. ABUNDANCE IS NOT WHAT WE KEEP BUT WHAT WE GIVE Aguilar (2010) believes that to be abundant, we must learn to control our appetites and desires, for they have impact on other people. Harsh words, pollution, and eating unhealthy foods are examples where our choices influence or affect not only ourselves but others as well. In other words, there is karma in our thoughts, words, and actions. ABUNDANCE IS NOT WHAT WE HOLD BUT WHAT WE SHARE Undoubtedly, money counts in our globalized society. However, Aguilar (2010) reminds us that money should not matter much, for every moment is a blessing, even if one does not have money. Abundance is more than ambitions; there are more precious things such as people that matter. ABUNDANCE IS A CHOICE As we aspire for our dreams, we should try our best to be positive in our thoughts, motives, and efforts. A friend once said that when we look down, we only see our misfortunes but when we look up, we realize that we are more fortunate than others. ABUNDANCE IS TO EVOLVE INTO A HIGHER BEING. Developed by: Gateways Institute of Science and Technology Subject: Introduction to Philosophy Quarter & Week #: 1st Quarter – Week 1  It becomes clear that the concept of abundance covers both external and internal life. We cannot truly live without material considerations, but externals are not all there are; values, for instance, matter. ACTIVITY Look at the pictures below. What can you say about them? Describe their similarities and differences. Write your answers on the blank. QUIZ Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it’s not. Write your answer on the blank. 1. Metaphysics is really only an extension of a fundamental and necessary drive in every human being to know what is real. 2. Ethics is generally a study of the nature of the moral judgments. 3. Logical questions are basic to all other philosophical inquiries. 4. Deductive is the view that knowledge can be attained only through sense experience. 5. Science it is impossible for a thing to be and not to be at the same time, and at the same respect. 6. Principle of Identify everything is its own being and not being is not being. 7. Aesthetics is not interested in what we know regarding certain subject. 8. Abundance come from the Latin term “abundare” meaning “to overflow nonstop”. 9. Principle of Sufficient Reason it’s nothing exists without a sufficient reason for its being and existence. 10. Natural light of Reason it is called Science because the investigation is systematic. Developed by: Gateways Institute of Science and Technology Subject: Introduction to Philosophy Quarter & Week #: 1st Quarter – Week 1