Week 1 Introduction To Computer (2).pptx

Introduction To Computer FAKHAR UL ISLAM What is a Science? Science is "knowledge attained through study or practice" general truths of the operation of Knowledge covers general laws, esp. as obtained and tested through scientific method [and] concerned with the physical world." W...

Introduction To Computer FAKHAR UL ISLAM What is a Science? Science is "knowledge attained through study or practice" general truths of the operation of Knowledge covers general laws, esp. as obtained and tested through scientific method [and] concerned with the physical world." What is Technology? Practical application of science is technology. Technology is a human innovation in action that involves the generation of knowledge and processes to develop systems that solve problems. Data and Information What is data?  Data is unorganised facts, numbers, letters and symbols represented in a formalised manner suitable for communication, and processing by humans or computers. What is information?  Information is data which has been assigned a commonly understood meaning. Information Number of Products Sold in November in All Sales Areas Product South North East West AB34652 22025 46723 45890 98345 Information Technology Information both the hardware technology refers to and software that are used to store, retrieve, and manipulate information. The creating and/or practice of studying computer systems and applications. Communication The term 'Communication' has been derived from the Latin word 'communis' that means 'common'. Thus 'to communicate' means 'to make common' or 'to make known'. This act of making common and known is carried out through exchange of thoughts, ideas or the like. Communication is a process of transferring information from one entity to another. E-World eWorld stands for electronic world, is responsible for providing online services. It includes email (eMail Center), news. Users of eWorld are referred to as "ePeople". E-World Email: Messages automatically passed from one computer user to another, often through computer networks and/or via modems over telephone lines. What is a Computer? An electronic device, operating under the control of instructions (software) stored in its own memory unit, that can accept data (input), manipulate data (process), and produce information (output) from the processing. Generally, the term is used to describe a collection of devices that function together as a system. What is a Computer? An electronic device that can perform the following tasks: ◦ Respond predictably to input ◦ Store the set of instructions needed to process the input ◦ Process the input according to these instructions ◦ Store the results of processing ◦ Output information How is a computer defined? Processes data into Accepts data information Raw facts, Data that is figures, and organized, symbols meaningful, and useful Produces and stores results How computer works: Components of a Computing System Input Input Processing Processing Storage Storage Output Output Four Hardware Components Input device sends data to the central processing unit Central processing unit (CPU) holds Secondary storage data and programs device stores data temporarily and and programs executes computer instructions Output device makes processed data (information) available HISTORY OF COMPUTER Calculating Machines The first calculating device called ABACUS was developed by the Egyptian and Chinese people. A skilled abacus operator can work on addition and subtraction problems at the speed of a person equipped with a hand calculator Abacus Computer 16 HISTORY OF COMPUTER Pascal's Machine Pascal invented the Pascaline as an aid for his father who was a tax collector. Pascal built 50 of this gear-driven one-function calculator (it could add and subtract). 17 HISTORY OF COMPUTER Leibniz’s Multiplication and Dividing Machine  It could both multiply and divide.  German co-inventor managed to build a four-function (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) calculator that he called the stepped reckoner.  18 HISTORY OF COMPUTER Babbage’s Analytical Engine Charles Babbage (father of computer) built a mechanical machine to do mathematical calculations. Mechanical and Electrical Calculator Mechanical calculator was developed to perform all sorts of mathematical calculations. Later mechanical calculator was developed to the electrical calculator. Modern Electronic Calculator At first made quite bulky then transistors. It can do all kinds of mathematical computations and store some data permanently. Its size is too small. Types Of Computers Computers Can be divided into the following types on the basis of their working: 1.Analog Computers 2.Digital Computers 3.Hybrid Computers Types Of Computers Analog Computers: Analog computer is difficult to operate and use. Voltage ,pressure, speed and temperature are some physical properties that can be measured in this way. Analog computer is mainly used in the field of engineering and medicine. Types Of Computers Examples: 1.The speed of the car is measured by speedometer 2.Analog clock measures time by the distance of the hands of a clock around a dial. Types Of Computers Digital Computers: A Digital Computer Works with Digits. Everything Is described in two states i.e. either on or off. The number 1 represents on and 0 represents off state. It operates by counting numbers or digits and gives output in digital form. The digital computers are very fast. These computers store result in digital form. Types Of Computers Examples: 1.Digital watch is a good example of digital computer. 2.Score board that directly count discrete values such as the time left to play and the score of each team. Types Of Computers Hybrid Computers: These types of computers are, as the name suggests, a combination of both Analog and Digital computers. A hybrid computer combines the best characteristics of both the analog and digital computer. It can accept data in analog and digital form. Examples: Hybrid computer devices may calculate patient’s heart function ,temperature, blood pressure etc. Categories of Computers Personal Computers (desktop) Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices Midrange Servers Mainframes Supercomputers Embedded Computers Next Personal Computers ◦ Designed so all of the components fit entirely on or under a desk or table ◦ Refer to a type of computer system that was designed for use by a single person Next Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices What is a notebook computer? Portable, small enough to fit on your lap Also called a laptop computer Generally more expensive than a desktop computer Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices What is a Tablet PC? Resembles a letter-sized slate Allows you to write on the screen using a digital pen Especially useful for taking notes Offer all the functionality of a notebook PC, but they are lighter. Can accept input from an electronic pen or the user’s voice. Next Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices What are mobile devices?  Small enough to carry in a pocket  Internet-enabled telephone is a “smart phone” Next Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices What is a handheld computer? Also called palmtop computers. Small enough to fit in one hand Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices What is a personal digital assistant (PDA)? Provides personal organizer functions  Calendar  Appointment book  Address book  Calculator  Notepad Next Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices What are smart watches? A smart watch is an Internet-enabled watch that automatically adjusts to time zone changes Servers What types of servers are there? Midrange server Powerful, large computer that supports up to a few thousand computers Mainframe Very powerful, expensive computer that supports thousands of computers. Supercomputer The fastest, most powerful, most expensive computer. Used for applications requiring complex mathematical calculations like weather forecasting etc. Embedded Computers (only one purpose) What is an embedded computer? A special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a larger product 1. Digital alarm clocks. 2. Electronic parking meters and parking pay stations. 3. Robotic vacuum cleaners ('robovacs') 4. Washing machines and dishwashers. 5. Home security systems. 6. Air-conditioners and thermostats. Next Capabilities Of Computers Computers have some significant characteristics because of which they are becoming versatile day by day. They have several capabilities and some limitations. Capabilities Of Computers ( Cont ) Following are some important characteristics of Computers : Speed Storage Capacity Processing Accuracy Recalling Capabilities Of Computers ( Cont ) Control sequence Consistency Communication Versatility Cost Reduction Description:  Speed  Computers can carry out instructions in less than a millionth of a second. For instant , a small computer can sort a set of hundred names in less than a hundredth of a second.  Storage Capacity  Computers have the capacity to store large amounts of instructions and data and supply stored information to us when we ask for it. This is an advantage over our brains where it is difficult to store all information we acquire for long time. Processing  A computer can process the given instructions. It can perform different types of processing like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. It can also perform logical Functions like comparing two numbers to decide which one is greater. Accuracy  Accuracy means to provide result without any error. Computer can process large amount of data and generate error free results. Description: Recalling  A computer can recall the stored data and information as and when required. The data stored in the computer can be used at a later time. The computer can recall the data within few seconds. Control Sequence  A computer works strictly according to the given instructions. It follows the same sequence of instructions that is given to a Program.  Consistency  Computers works in consistent way. It does not lose concentration due to heavy work. It does not become tired or bore.Computer performs all the jobs with equal attention. Communication  Most computers have the capability to communicate with other computers. We can connect two or more computers by Communicating device such as modem. These computers can share data , instructions and information. Description: Versatile A computer can perform different types of tasks. We can use computers in hospitals , banks or at home. A variety of facilities are available through computers. Cost Reduction By using computers we can perform a difficult task in less time and less cost. For example we may have to hire many persons to handled an office. The same work can be performed by a single person with the help of computer. It reduce the cost. Limitations Of Computers We have understood the importance of computer in our lives. Does that means that a computer act like an Obedient assistant who can perform all tasks repeatedly at high speed without any error? Limitations Of Computers Lack of Commonsense Yes to some extent computer acts as human being. But there is big difference between the machine and master. A computer is only a tool. It cannot think. It does not have Intelligence or commonsense as well. Inability to correct When we give instruction to the computer we must give the correct instructions. A computer cannot correct the wrong instruction itself. This follows the fact that computer cannot use its brain because it does not have one! Dependence on human instructions A computer cannot generate any information on its own. It can only do what it is told to do. Uses of Computer  The use of computer is in every field or we can say that in any field where the paper work is their as the technology is rapidly moving people uses the computer more and more simple task many people uses the computer for communication it also use in science , education, medicine engineering, entertainment, business, banking, etc.  Computers play a vital role in every field. Uses of Computer at Home  Home Budget: You can calculate home budget easily in a spread sheet program to compute savings by entering income in one column and expenses in other column.  Computer Games: Nowadays computer games not only provide entertainment but also provide learning and skills.  Working From Home: You can work from home using different software like telnet and team viewer  Entertainment: You can watch matches, movies, ceremonies and hear audio stuff.  Information: You can also download books, magazines, journals, newspapers, tutorials to learn skills.  Chatting: You can do text, voice and video chat using internet. Uses Of Computer In Education  Computer Based Training: CBT is low cost solution for educating many skills to a large number of people in less time at their own pace  Online Education: Many website based institutions are offering degrees online by teaching online and assessing the students online  Online Examination: Online examination is based on MCQs. The result is announced without any delay. Examinations different international certifications are held online. Microsoft MCSC and CCNA are examples of online examination  Distance Learning: Distance learning is a way of learning remotely without being in regular face-to-face contact with a teacher in the classroom.in virtual classroom, the teacher delivers lecture at his own workplace. The student can attend the lecture at home by connecting to a network. Uses Of Computer In Business  Marketing: Computers are used to manage business activities from shipment to distribution and advertising to selling their products.  Banks: Banks are using ATMs for facilitating their customers to withdraw their amount. They can transfer their money to other accounts and can pay their utility bills online.  Departmental Store: RFID is used in parking and producing invoices in departmental stores. Barcode reader is used in big departmental stores to generate an invoice and track the stock inventory  Data keeping: Data is recorded in databases in proper way.  Data manipulation and Decision making: Different types of calculations are done using spread sheet software. We can make decisions by analyzing data in spreadsheet software like MS Excel.  Backup and Storage: Additional copy of data is called backup of data.  Data Communication: Email and fax are commonly used in offices for communication. Uses Of Computer In Medical Field  Computer can be used in medical field in the following ways:  Recording Medical History: Computer can be used to store the medical history of the patients. We can store the important facts about the patients in computer. We can keep record of his past treatment, suggested medicines and their results etc. such systems can be very effective and helpful for the doctors.  Monitoring System: Some serious patients must be monitored continuously. Monitoring is needed especially in operations theaters and intensive care unit (ICU). Many computerized devices are used to monitor the blood pressure, heartbeat and brain of the patient.  Diagnosis of Diseases: Different software are available that store different diseases and their symptoms. Diagnosis of diseases is possible by entering the symptoms of a patient. What are Computer Today  Hand-held devices that constantly monitor the locations of parcels world-wide  Internet connectivity for shopping, educational, business and communications  Office networks and robotics transforming the workplace and productivity Components of Computer Input Any thing given to the computer is known as input such as instructions or data Converts raw data into electronic form Input devices are types of hardware that enable you to get programs, data, commands, and responses into the computer’s memory Input Devices Keyboard Mouse Electronic Pen Optical Scanners Voice Input Digital Cameras Webcam Keyboard Traditional ◦ Looks like typewriter with extra keys Keyboard Function Keys Give commands Software specific Main Keyboard Typewriter keys Special command keys Special command keys Shift Caps Lock Ctrl Alt Esc Enter Windows Shortcut Pointing Devices A mouse is a small, lightweight input device. It is also called pointing device Position a pointer / cursor on the screen Controls drawing instruments in graphics applications Pointing Devices Features ◦Palm-sized ◦1 or 2 buttons ◦Wheel Types ◦Mechanical ◦Optical ◦Wireless Other Types of Pointing Devices Trackball Touch Pad Joystick Touch Screen Other Pointing Devices Touchpad ◦Pressure-sensitive pad ◦Cursor moves as you slide your finger ◦Laptop computers Trackball ◦Ball on top ◦Roll ball with hand ◦Laptop computers Optical Scanners Optical recognition Light beam scans input data Most common type of source input Document imaging – converts paper documents to electronic form Converts scanned picture into characters – OCR Optical Scanners Flatbed One sheet at a time Scans bound documents Sheet feed Motorized rollers Sheet moves across scanning head Small, convenient size Voice Input Speech Recognition Speech recognition devices Input via a microphone Voice converted to binary code Placing a call on a car phone Command from physically disabled users Problems Speaker-dependent Voice Input Discrete work systems Understand isolated words Pause between words Difficult for dictation Continuous work systems Normal speaking pattern Easy to use Faster and easier to dictate Digital Cameras A digital camera designed to take digital photographs and transmit them over the internet. (WEB CAMera) A video camera that attaches to a computer typically via USB or that is built into a laptop or desktop screen. It is used mostly for video phoning over networks such as Skype as well as to continuously monitor an activity and deliver the video to a Web server for public or private viewing.