Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology I - OCR

Welcome to Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology I Introductions A little about me… Introductions A little about you…. Introductions A little about your neighbor… Take a few moments to meet or talk with your neighbors in your area. 3 Questions What things are you excited about when you...

Welcome to Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology I Introductions A little about me… Introductions A little about you…. Introductions A little about your neighbor… Take a few moments to meet or talk with your neighbors in your area. 3 Questions What things are you excited about when you think about this course? 3 Questions What things are you excited about when you think about this course? 3 Questions What things do you feel are within your control to do about your concerns? Syllabus Review Important things to know and places to look: Check the SYLLABUS Resources and Platforms Check Brightspace ○ Assignments McGraw-Hill site ○ Chapter Readings ○ APR - practice exercises Review your e-Atlas ○ Review anatomical structures Stay current with your lab! 1.1A Define anatomy. Chapter 1 Learning 1.1B Describe the levels at which anatomy can be studied. 1.1C Define physiology. 1.1D Describe the levels at which physiology can be studied. 1.1E Explain the importance of the relationship between structure and function. Objectives 1.3A Name the six levels of organization of the body. 1.3B Describe the major characteristics of the six levels of organization. 1.3C List the 11 organ systems and identify their components. 1.3D Describe the major functions of each system. 1.5A Define homeostasis. 1.5B Explain why homeostasis is important for proper body function. 1.5C Describe a negative-feedback mechanism and give an example. 1.5D Describe a positive-feedback mechanism and give an example. 1.6A Describe a person in the anatomical position. 1.6B Define the directional terms for the human body and use them to locate specific body structures. 1.6C Know the terms for the parts and regions of the body. 1.6D Name and describe the three major planes of the body. 1.6E Name and describe the three major ways to cut an organ. 1.6F Describe the major trunk cavities and their divisions. 1.6G Locate organs in their specific cavity, abdominal quadrant, or region. 1.6H Describe the serous membranes, their locations, and their functions. Week 1 - Major Ideas What are anatomy and How does the body keep physiology and how are its internal environment in they related? balance? How is the body What terms do we need to organized structurally? describe anatomy? What are the Exploring body cavities requirements for life? and membranes. Anatomy vs. Physiology What is Anatomy? Anatomy: scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure, such as the size and shape of a bone. 12 Anatomy vs. Physiology What is Physiology? Physiology: scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things; how our organ systems carry out life sustaining functions 13 Let’s start with anatomy! Why is it important? Learning and understanding anatomical terminology allows you to communicate accurately with your colleagues in the health sciences. Subdivisions of anatomy: Gross or macroscopic anatomy is the study of large, visible structures Regional anatomy looks at all structures in a particular area of the body Systemic anatomy looks at just one system (cardiovascular, nervous, muscular, etc.) Surface anatomy looks at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin (visible muscle masses or veins seen on surface) Anatomical Imaging Further Subdivisions: Microscopic anatomy deals with structures too small to be seen by naked eye Cytology: microscopic study of cells Histology: microscopic study of tissues Developmental anatomy studies anatomical and physiological development throughout life Embryology: study of developments before birth To study anatomy, one must know anatomical terminology and be able to observe, manipulate, palpate, and auscultate 16 Topics of Physiology Goals of studying physiology include how the body responds to stimuli and how it maintains stable internal conditions in a constantly changing environment (homeostasis) Considers operations at many levels. ○ Cell physiology: examines processes in cells. ○ Systemic physiology: functions of organ systems. Neurophysiology: focuses on the nervous system. Cardiovascular physiology: the heart and blood vessels. 17 Subjects That Encompass Both Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy and physiology are studied together because they are interwoven and changes in one will affect the other; structure and function are interdependent. Pathology: structural and functional changes caused by disease. Exercise Physiology: changes in structure and function caused by exercise. 18 Biomedical Research Shared characteristics between living things drive research. ○ Single-celled bacteria = cell. ○ Mammalian research furthers human surgery and medicine. Strict laws govern research to minimize suffering. Current knowledge is constantly being updated through research in anatomy and physiology. 19 Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Body Chemical level: interaction of atoms and molecules Cell level: structural and functional unit of living organisms. Combinations of molecules for structures called organelles that carry out specific functions. 20 Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Body 2 Tissue level: group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them. Four tissue types – epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous. Organ level: two or more tissues functioning together. 21 Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Body Organ System level: group of organs functioning together. (The following slides present an overview of the human organ systems. Organism level: any living thing, whether composed of one cell or many. 22 Organ Systems of the Body Circulatory Muscular Digestive Nervous Endocrine Respiratory Integumentary Skeletal Lymphatic Urinary Reproductive 23 Organ Systems of the Body 1 Integumentary System Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D. Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands. 24 Organ Systems of the Body 2 Skeletal System Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat. Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and 25 joints. Organ Systems of the Body 3 Muscular System Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons. 26 Organ Systems of the Body 4 Nervous System A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and 27 sensory receptors. Organ Systems of the Body 5 Endocrine System A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. Consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete 28 hormones. Organ Systems of the Body 6 Cardiovascular System Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature. Consists of 29 the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Organ Systems of the Body 7 Lymphatic System Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other 30 lymphatic organs. Organ Systems of the Body 8 Respiratory System Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages. 31 Organ Systems of the Body 9 Digestive System Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, 32 intestines, and accessory organs. Organ Systems of the Body 10 Urinary System Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine. 33 Organ Systems of the Body 11 Ova-uterine Reproductive System Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. 34 Consists of the ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands, and associated structures. Organ Systems of the Body 12 Testicular System Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. Consists of the testes, accessory structures, 35 ducts, and penis. Questions: Characteristics of Life Organization: condition in which there are specific interrelationships and functions among the parts of an organism. Metabolism: the ability to used energy to perform vital functions; all chemical reactions of the body. Responsiveness: ability to sense changes in the interior and exterior environment and adjust; cell-to-cell communication is necessary Growth: increase in size and/or number of cells. 37 Characteristics of Life Development: changes in an organism over time. Differentiation: change from general to specific. Morphogenesis: change in shape of tissues, organs, or the entire organism. Reproduction: formation of new cells or new organisms for growth and development; allows organisms to pass on their genes to their offspring. 38 Terminology and the Body Plan Anatomical Position: ○ Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face ○ forward. Other Body Positions. ○ Supine: lying face upward. ○ Prone: lying face downward. 39 Terminology and the Body Plan Directional Terms. ○ Superior (Cephalic) versus Inferior (Caudal) toward or away from the head. 40 Terminology and the Body Plan Directional Terms. ○ Medial versus Lateral relative to the midline. 41  Terminology and the Body Plan Directional Terms. ○ Proximal versus Distal used to describe linear structures. 42 Terminology and the Body Plan Directional Terms. ○ Superficial versus Deep relative to the surface of the body. Name and example of two structures that compare superficial vs. deep 43 Terminology and the Body Plan Directional Terms (cont.). ○ Anterior (Ventral) versus ○ Posterior (Dorsal). Anterior is forward; posterior is toward the back. 44 Directional Terms for Humans Term Etymology* Definition Example Right Toward the right side of the body Right ear Left Toward the left side of the body Left eye Superior L. higher A structure above another The chin is superior to the navel. Inferior L. lower A structure below another The navel is inferior to the chin. Cephalic G. kephale, head Closer to the head than another structure (usually synonymous The chin is cephalic to the navel. with superior) Caudal L. cauda, a tail Closer to the tail than another structure (usually synonymous The navel is caudal to the chin. with inferior) Anterior L. before The front of the body The navel is anterior to the spine. Posterior L. posterus, following The back of the body The spine is posterior to the breastbone. Ventral L. ventr-, belly Toward the belly (synonymous with anterior) The navel is ventral to the spine. Dorsal L. dorsum, back Toward the back (synonymous with posterior) The spine is dorsal to the breastbone. Proximal L. proximus, nearest Closer to the point of attachment to the body than another The elbow is proximal to the wrist. structure Distal L. di- plus sto, to stand apart or Farther from the point of attachment to the body than another The wrist is distal to the elbow. be distant structure Lateral L. latus, side Away from the midline of the body The nipple is lateral to the breastbone. Medial L. medialis, middle Toward the midline of the body The nose is medial to the eye. Superficial L. superficialis, toward Toward or on the surface (not shown in figure 1.10) The skin is superficial to muscle. the surface Deep O.E. deop, deep Away from the surface, internal (not shown in figure 1.10) The lungs are deep to the ribs. *Origin and meaning of the word: L., Latin; G., Greek; O.E., Old English. 45 Body Parts and Regions 46 Body Parts and Regions 47 Subdivisions of the Abdomen - Quadrants 48 Name an example of why it would be important to be able to refer to anatomical quadrants? 49 Subdivisions of the Abdomen - Regions 50 Bring on the planes!!!! Planes Through the Body 1 Sagittal divides body into left and right portions. ○ Median is a sagittal plane down the midline of body. Frontal (coronal) divides body into anterior and posterior sections. Transverse (horizontal) divides body into superior and inferior sections. Oblique: Other than at a right angle. 52 Planes Through the Body Transverse Frontal (horizontal) (Coronal) Sagittal 53 Planes Through an Organ Longitudinal: cut along the length of an organ. Transverse (cross): cut at right angle to the length of the organ. Oblique: cut at any but a right angle. 54 Trunk Cavities - Ventral vs. Dorsal 55  Body Cavities - Ventral Body Cavity Houses the internal organs (collectively called viscera) ○ Two subdivisions, which are separated by the diaphragm Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Thoracic cavity,divided into pleural cavities, each enclosing a lung, and a medial mediastinum,some major blood vessels, thymus, trachea, esophagus. Pericardium Heart Pleural Lung 56  Body Cavities - Ventral Abdominopelvic cavity, consisting of the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity. Abdominal: contains many digestive organs (for example, stomach, intestines, liver) and spleen. Pelvic: contains urinary bladder, urethra, rectum, reproductive organs. Peritoneum Abdominopelvic cavity 57 Body Cavities - Dorsal The body contains dorsal and ventral body cavities. Dorsal body cavity: ○ Cranial cavity houses the brain. ○ Vertebral canal houses the spinal cord. 58  Serous Membranes Cover the organs of body cavities and line the cavity. Fist represents an organ. Inner balloon wall represents visceral serous membrane that covers the organ. Outer balloon wall represents parietal serous membrane line lines the cavity. Cavity between two membranes filled with lubricating serous fluid that is produced by the membranes. 59  Location of Serous Membranes ○ Pericardium surrounds the heart; contains pericardial fluid. ○ Pleura surrounds the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity; contains pleural fluid. ○ Peritoneum surrounds many abdominal organs and lines Ltd./McGraw Hill Education the abdominopelvic cavity; contains peritoneal fluid. 60 Peritoneum Mesentery – regions of double-folded visceral peritoneum that is attached to certain points to the posterior abdominopelvic wall. The mesenteries provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the digestive organs. Retroperitoneal – behind the peritoneum; organs or parts of organs that only have peritoneum on their peritoneal cavity side; includes the kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands, part of the pancreas, parts of the large intestine, and the urinary bladder. 61 Take a Break! Survival Needs of the Human Body How does the body maintain all of these needs? Homeostasis Homeostasis: maintenance of relatively constant internal environment within the body. Values of variables (conditions) fluctuate around the set point (ideal normal value) to establish a normal range of values. 64 Feedback Loops Homeostasis is regulated by feedback loops that allow for a process to be adjusted by the outcome. The two types of feedbacks loops are negative feedback and positive feedback. ○ 65 Feedback Loops Components of a feedback loop: ○ Receptor: monitors the value of some variable by detecting a stimulus (a change in the variable) ○ Control center: establishes the set point and receives input from the receptor. ○ Effector: generates the response which can change the value of the variable. 66 Feedback Loops --These systems are maintained through inter-organ cooperation both from internal stores and external supply Negative Feedback Regulates most systems in the body. Counteracts a change in a variable (for example, body temperature) by decreasing the change to help maintain homeostasis by returning to the set point. 68 Negative-Feedback Mechanism: Body Temperature Negative feedback Most-used feedback mechanism in body Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus Variable changes in opposite direction of initial change 69 Negative-Feedback Control of Body Temperature Examples: Regulation of body temperature (a nervous system mechanism) Regulation of blood glucose by insulin (an endocrine system mechanism) 70 Changes in Blood Pressure During Exercise During exercise, muscle tissue demands more oxygen. To meet this demand, blood pressure (BP) increases, resulting in an increase in blood flow to the tissues. The reset range is higher and broader than the resting range. After exercise ceases, the range returns to the resting condition. 71 Positive Feedback 1 When a deviation occurs, the response is to make the deviation greater. ○ Unusual in normal, healthy individuals, leads away from homeostasis and can result in death. ○ Examples of normal positive feedback: childbirth, lactation, blood clotting. ○ Example of harmful positive feedback: after hemorrhage, blood pressure drops and the heart’s ability to pump blood decreases. ○ Effectors continue the response beyond the set point until the original stimulus is removed. 72  Positive Feedback Mechanism Positive feedback: Response enhances/exaggerates original stimulus May exhibit a cascade/amplifying effect as feedback causes variable to continue in same direction as initial change Usually controls infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustment: ○ Platelet plug formation and blood clotting Positive Feedback ○ Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin 74 And your DONE! Please review the slides for this week’s information. Be sure to look at the To Do List in Brightspace.