Neuroscience Practice Questions

Week 1 1. Q: The face composite effect shows that: A: There is mandatory processing of the whole face 2. Q: The part-whole effect is used to argue that: A: Faces are processed holistically 3. Q: Studies of experts have found: A: an inversion effect on images of dogs for dog experts...

Week 1 1. Q: The face composite effect shows that: A: There is mandatory processing of the whole face 2. Q: The part-whole effect is used to argue that: A: Faces are processed holistically 3. Q: Studies of experts have found: A: an inversion effect on images of dogs for dog experts 4. Q: Greebles are more like faces than other objects in that they: A: Can be recognised at the individual levels 5. Q: To become a Greeble expert, someone must: A: Be equally able to identify a given Greeble by their name, gender and family 6. Q: Tests of face recognition require a person to: A: Order faces based on their similarity 7. Q: Evidence for developmental prosopagnosia and super recognisers shows that: A: Face processing ability varies naturally like other attributes 8. Q: The best evidence that Greebles are not recognised like faces comes from research showing: A: Green learning in a prosopagnosic 9. Q: Individual face neurons in macaques: A: Bias face perception when stimulated 10. Q: The MRI response in the fusiform face area is greater for: A: Three-quarter-view face photos than hand photos 11. Q: Criticism of Greeble studies does NOT include evidence of: A: low MRI activation to faces in Greeble experts  12. Q: Electrical brain stimulation using an ECoG array has shown: A: That sites where face perception was altered, were more face-selective 13. Q: Arguments for specialised face neurons are not based on evidence of: A: Prosopagnosia in the absence of trauma 14. Q: Stimulation of neurons in inferotemporal cortex: A: Biases monkeys judgements of flowers towards faces 15. Q: Response of neurons in the medial temporal lobe best correspond to: A: An abstract representation of specific people 16. Q: High frequency components of ECoG responses in ventral temporal cortex: A: Are correlated with fMRI responses Week 2: (Q1 - Q8) 17. Q: Magnetic susceptibility of blood depends on? A: Changes in blood oxygenation 18. Q: One limitation of fMRI is its: A: Relatively slow change in signal 19. Q: Recent advances in MRI have not been related to the: A: Improved temporal resolution of hemodynamics 20. Q: During neural activity there is: A: An increase in oxyhemoglobin and an increase in deoxyhemoglobin 21. Q: The amplitude of BOLD signal is NOT associated with: A: Myelin density 22. Q: If there is a significant BOLD signal in a given brain region during a task, we can conclude that the brain region is: A: active during the task 23. Q: Which is NOT true of MRI: A: The rotation axis of water molecules aligns with strong magnetic fields 24. Q: Brain connectivity studies show: A: Prominent pathways between brain regions 25. Q: Most extracellular recording research is based on: A: Action potentials generated in single neurons 26. Q: The strength of EEG signal does not depend on: A: Cortical lobe of origin 27. Q: One reason that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is used in preference to other forms of brain stimulation is that: A: Its cheap and easy to use 28. Q: The main reason extracellular recording is not used in humans is that it; A: is invasive and has limited clinical application 29. Q: The electrocorticography (ECoG) signal has been attributed to: A: Pyramidal cell activity 30. Q: The main advantage of ECoG is that: A: It can be performed as part of ongoing investigations of epilepsy Q: The main limitation of EEG is that; A: It might not capture some types of neural activity Q: Which of the following is the least serious problem with the DCS literature? A: We don't understand the underlying mechanisms Week 3 (Q17 - Q24): Q: Arguments that recognising facial emotion is innate do NOT include data from: A: Genetics studies Q: The anger superiority effect is: A: Dependant on low level features in some face stimuli Q: Studies of facial emotion suggest emotional expression: A: Is not entirely distinguishable from recognition processes Q: The amygdala is NOT active during perception of: A: Joy Q: Studies of the composite effect of facial expression suggest that there is: A: Independence of facial expression and facial recognition Q: Prosopagnosics judging faces using only eye information: A: Have reduced ability to classify facial expressions Q: Dynamic changes in muscle activity for different facial expressions: A: Are faster for evolutionarily important expressions Q: Which of the following is NOT associated with amygdala damage: A: an inability to identify fearful expressions Q: Observations of Ayumu do not show that non-human primates: A: Are capable of basic arithmetic Q: Studies of the munduruku in the Amazon show that: A: Culture shapes our representation of numbers Q: Crossmodal number comparison studies show that: A: Non-symbolic number system can support basic arithmetic Q: Arguments for an innate non-verbal number mechanism CANNOT be based on studies of: A: Dyscalculia Week 4 (Q25 - Q32): Q: People who have dyscalculia: A: Cannot determine a number's value relative to other numbers Q: The main brain structure implicated in dyscalculia is the: A: Intra parietal sulcus Q: Adaptation to dot arrays reduces BOLD responses with tuning that: A: Has a gaussian shape on a log scale of numerosity Q: MRI adaptation in human number studies have NOT been found for stimuli: A: that are numerically distant Q: Neural responses to object sequences are: A: Consistent with abstract number processing Q: IPS neurons that code for both line length ratio and dot numerosity A: are relatively few Q: Neural responses to learned symbolic stimuli in the prefrontal cortex of monkeys: A: Dependent on the visual stimulus mode Q: ECoG studies show number responses in the inferior temporal gyrus that are: A: dependent on the visual stimulus mode Week 8 (Q57 - Q64): Q: Damage to the amygdala is thought to impair condition fear responses because: A: Blocks the ability to acquire and express a condition response to a neutral stimulus Q: Which of the following is not associated with amygdala damage? A: An inability to identify fearful expressions Q: The ‘low road’ visual pathway for an aversive stimulus is: A: A subcortical pathway where crude visual information projected to the thalamus signals the amygdala when the stimulus appears aversive Q: The amygdala is thought to contribute to the learning of explicit fear memories by: A: Modulating arousal to emotional events, and thereby memory for them Q: Amygdala responses to facial expressions has found to be greatest for which expression? Week 8 (Q57 - Q64): Q: Damage to the amygdala is thought to impair condition fear responses because: A: Blocks the ability to acquire and express a condition response to a neutral stimulus Q: Which of the following is not associated with amygdala damage? A: An inability to identify fearful expressions Week 8 (Q57 - Q64): Q: Damage to the amygdala is thought to impair condition fear responses because: A: Blocks the ability to acquire and express a condition response to a neutral stimulus Q: Which of the following is not associated with amygdala damage? A: An inability to identify fearful expressions Q: The 'low road' visual pathway for an aversive stimulus is: A: A subcortical pathway where crude visual information projected to the thalamus signals the amygdala when the stimulus appearstaversive Q: The amygdala is thought to contribute to the learning of explicit fear memories by: A: Modulating arousal to emotional events, and thereby memory for them Q: Amygdala responses to facial expressions has found to be greatest for which expression? A: fearful Q: The wide range of emotional stimuli that the insula cortex has been found to respond, has been interpreted as this region processing: A: Afferent or interceptive feelings from the body Q: The behavioural variant of Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) presents with which of the following symptoms A: Reduced insight Q: The change in emotion processing in FTD could be summarised as? A: Impaired recognition of emotion, particularly negative emotions Q: FTD patients impairment on the sarcastic statements test has been associated with damage to which cortical region A: Amygdala Q: The DSM defines psychiatric conditions by their behavioural presentation. Why does this make it difficult to develop interventions? A: Many interventions are tested using animals, where it becomes hard to model human behaviours Q: Structural cortical lesions found in imaging studies are potentially confounded by? A: Co-morbidity and the effects they have on lifestyle factors Q: Why is it difficult to assess the moderator/mediators of cortical lesions in depression? A: Independent variables co-occur and interact Q: In the second open-label trial (2008 lozano) what might have been the least problematic to reduce the influence of placebo effects A: vary dosage across patients A: fearful Q: The wide range of emotional stimuli that the insula cortex has been found to respond, has been interpreted as this region processing: A: Afferent or interoceptive feelings from the body Q: The behavioural variant of Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) presents with which of the following symptoms A: Reduced insigh