Ch 3 Neuroscience Notes PDF

Ch 3 - Neuroscience Neuroimaging: Techniques that allow for studying brain activity and structure by obtaining visual images in awake humans. X Rays: Visualizing bones PET Scan (positron emission...

Ch 3 - Neuroscience Neuroimaging: Techniques that allow for studying brain activity and structure by obtaining visual images in awake humans. X Rays: Visualizing bones PET Scan (positron emission tomography) Look at brain function Before the scan you drink a little bit of a radioactive substance which goes to show which parts of the brain’s being activated during certain activities. fMRI (function Magnetic Resonance Imagining): Literally exact same thing as PET scan, except better, meaning; its faster, clearer, better resolution, cheaper, and you don’t need to drink anything radioactive. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imagining): High resolution, 3D imaging of your brain to show the general structure MRA (Magnetic Resonance Angiogram) Show your blood vessels CT/CAT Scan: Uses beam + to take images of patient’s body. Breakdown of the nervous system overview: Ch 3 - Neuroscience 1  How do reflexes work? Ch 3 - Neuroscience 2  Parts of the brain: Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain Image of parts of the hindbrain Image of parts of the brain ⬆️ Hindbrain: Medulla: Regulates heartbeat, breathing, sneezing, and coughing Pons: Bridge between the medulla & forebrain Important for sleeping, dreaming, breathing, swallowing, eye movements, and facial sensation & expression. Cerebellum: Important for motor coordination and certain types of learning that involve movement; ie. learning to play piano 🎹 Reticular formation: Regulates sleep/wake cycle Ch 3 - Neuroscience 3  Involved in wakefulness, arousal, and mood. Image 2 of midbrain Image 1 of midbrain (small green area) Midbrain: Substantia nigra: Important in the fluidity of movement and inhibiting movements through dopamine Forebrain: Limbic system: Involved in the regulation of motivation, emotion, and learning Amygdala: processing and regulation of emotions, particularly fear and anxiety. Ch 3 - Neuroscience 4  Hippocampus: important for certain types of learning and memory. Thalamus: serves as a relay station for incoming sensory information Hypothalamus: important for motivation, basic drives, and control of the endocrine system Pituitary gland: hormonal regulation Basal ganglia: plays a role in cognitive flexibility and voluntary movement control Nucleus accumbens (a part of the basal ganglia): important for motivation and reward learning. Cerebral cortex: Responsible for complex functions; consciousness, language, and thought Sensory cortex: registers sensory neurons (touch) Motor cortex: registers the motor neurons (muscles) Association cortex: registers complex functions, including higher- order sensory processing. Lobes: Occipital lobe (back of brain): Vision Temporal lobe (sides of brain): processes information about auditory stimuli & language, and recognizing complex visual stimuli Ch 3 - Neuroscience 5  (i.e. faces) Parietal lobe (between front and back of brain): sensory integration Frontal lobe (front of brain): higher intellectual thinking Prefrontal lobe (front of the frontal lobe (front of the front)): memory, morality, mood, and planning Broca’s Aphasia: A neurological condition that comes from damage to the Broca’s area where the person is unable to produce coherent speech. They may know what they want to say, however they cannot say it. Wernicke’s Aphasia: A neurological condition associated with damage to Wernicke’s area where a person cannot understand language. Ch 3 - Neuroscience 6  Corpus Callosum: The right and left hemispheres of the brain are connected by a network of nerve fibres known as the corpus callosum. Damage to this region causes “split-brain”, where the hemispheres act independently from one another. Neurons: Neuron: a nerve cell Sensory: gathers sensory information Motor: communicates information to the muscles Interneuron: communicates with sensory and motor neurons and other interneurons. The Nervous System: Glia: the cells that make up the nervous system in addition to neurons Ch 3 - Neuroscience 7  Astroglia: creates blood-brain barrier, influences communication between neurons, helps heal brain damage. Oligodendroglia: provides myelin to sped up transmission of neurons Microglia: cleans up dead cells and prevents infections. How do Neurons work? Resting potential: When a neuron is at rest, it is negatively charged inside relative to the outside. Action potential: When a neuron fires, pores in the neuron open to let charged ions flow into and out of the neuron. The neuron becomes more positive in the inside relative to the outside This shift in electrical charge triggers the axon terminals to release neurotransmitters. Nodes of Ranvier: The nodes of ranvier are the regions of bare axon that are between areas wrapped in myelin. Action potentials travel down myelinated axons by jumping from node to node. Ch 3 - Neuroscience 8 Ch 3 - Neuroscience 9 Ch 3 - Neuroscience 10