Week 1-2-Nabil (1).pptx

Chapter # 1: Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer 1 Chapter Topics  Types of Microprocessors  Features of Microprocessors  Overview of Intel microprocessors  Function of the microprocessor Types of Microprocessors 2  Mechanical age  (500 BC, used by antient Babylonians Priests)  Pa...

Chapter # 1: Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer 1 Chapter Topics  Types of Microprocessors  Features of Microprocessors  Overview of Intel microprocessors  Function of the microprocessor Types of Microprocessors 2  Mechanical age  (500 BC, used by antient Babylonians Priests)  Pascal (French mathematician 1642) calculator  First programmable calculating machine by British mathematician, Charles Babbage (1823 or so) Types of Microprocessors 3  Electrical age  In the 1800s, electric motor was conceived by Michael Faraday which led to electrically driven mechanical calculators  In the 1970s, Bomar Brain introduced small handheld calculator 4 Types of Microprocessors  In 1896, Hollerith (Tabulating Machine Company) developed machines that used punched cards for tabulation which was used in the early computer systems – called Hollerith cards  First electronic programmable computer 1941. Z3 developed by Konrad Zuse clocked at 5.33 hertz!  Colossus was built by Alan Turing (1943) – special-purpose computer (not general) Types of Microprocessors 5  First general-purpose computer “ENIAC” 1946. more than 800 kilometers of wires!  Transistor was developed in 1947 (at Bell Labs) which followed by invention of IC – 1958  Will continue with this in later slides, the development of Intel microprocessors, etc. 6 Type of more recent electronic microprocessors:  Vector Processors - Processes all elements of vector using a single instruction. Used in videogame console hardware and graphics accelerators  Array Processors - for vector computations by employing a number of processing elements to operate in parallel.  Scalar and Superscalar Processors - A superscalar processor (with multiple pipelines) executes more than one instruction per cycle.  RISC and CISC Processors - Two approaches to design of a control unit i.e.- Hardware approach (RISC) and Software approach (CISC).  Coprocessor - Specially designed circuit on microprocessor chip to reduce the work load of the main processor. 7 Type of recent electronic microprocessors:  Digital Signal Processors (DSP) - Specifically designed to perform some mathematical operations on signals, and output the results.  Symbolic Processors - Designed for expert system, machine intelligence, knowledge based system, etc.  Bit-Slice Processors - The basic building block is Bit-Slice (with 4bit ALUs, micro programs sequencers, etc.) The desired number of ALUs, etc. are used to build an 8-bit, 16-bit or 32-bit CPU.  Transputers - Specially designed to operate as a component processor in a multiprocessor system.  Graphic Processors - Specially designed processors for graphics. Features of Microprocessors 8  Low Cost - Due to the technology, microprocessors are available at very low cost.  High Speed - Due to the technology, the microprocessor can execute millions of instructions per second.  Small Size - A microprocessor is fabricated in a very less footprint due to ultra large scale integration technology.  Versatile - The same chip can be used for several applications, therefore, microprocessors are versatile.  Low Power Consumption - Microprocessors use metal oxide semiconductor technology - consumes less power.  Less Heat Generation - Due to semiconductor technology, microprocessors do not emit much heat. (recently, it has become a challenge to keep CPUs cool)  Reliable - Since microprocessors use semiconductor technology, therefore, the failure rate is very less.  Portable - Due to the small size and low power consumption, microprocessors are portable. The Microprocessor Age 9  World’s first microprocessor in 1971: the Intel 4004.  A 4-bit microprocessor-programmable controller on a chip.  Addressed 4096, 4-bit-wide memory locations.  a bit is a binary digit with a value of one or zero  4-bit-wide memory location often called a nibble  The 4004 instruction set contained 45 instructions. 8008 Microprocessor 10  With the microprocessor as a commercially viable product, Intel released 8008 in 1971-72.  extended 8-bit version of 4004 microprocessor  Addressed expanded memory of 16K bytes.  A byte is generally an 8-bit-wide binary number and a K is 1024.  memory size often specified in K bytes  Contained additional instructions, 48 total.  Provided opportunity for application in more advanced systems.  engineers developed demanding uses for 8008 8080 Microprocessor 11  Somewhat small memory size, slow speed, and instruction set limited 8008 usefulness.  Intel introduced 8080 microprocessor in 1973.  8080 addressed four times more memory.  64K bytes vs. l6K bytes for 8008  Executed additional instructions; 10x faster.  addition taking 20 µs on an 8008-based system required only 2.0 µs on an 8080-based system  TTL (transistor-transistor logic) compatible.  the 8008 was not directly compatible  Interfacing made easier and less expensive. The 8085 Microprocessor 12  In 1977 Intel Corporation introduced an updated version of the 8080— the 8085.  Last 8-bit, general-purpose microprocessor developed by Intel.  Slightly more advanced than 8080; executed software at an even higher speed.  769,230 instructions per second vs. 500,000 per second on the 8080.  Intel’s most successful 8-bit, general-purpose microprocessor The Modern Microprocessor 13  In 1978 Intel released the 8086; a year or so later, it released the 8088.  Both devices are 16-bit microprocessors.  executed instructions in as little as 400 ns (2.5 millions of instructions per second)  major improvement over execution speed of 8085  8086 & 8088 addressed 1M byte of memory.  16 times more memory than the 8085  1M-byte memory contains 1024K byte-sized memory locations or 1,048,576 bytes  Data bus width of 16 bits in the 8086 and 8 bits in the 8088 The 80286 Microprocessor 14  Even the 1M-byte memory system proved limiting for databases and other applications.  Intel introduced the 80286 in 1983  an updated 8086  Almost identical to the 8086/8088.  addressed 16M-byte memory system instead of a 1M-byte system  Instruction set almost identical except for a few additional instructions.  managed the extra 15M bytes of memory  80286 clock speed increased to 8.0 MHz version.  executed some instructions in as little as 250 ns  Data bus width of 16 bits The 32-Bit Microprocessor 15  Applications demanded faster microprocessor speeds, more memory, and wider data paths.  Led to the 80386 in 1986 by Intel.  major overhaul of 16-bit 8086–80286 architecture  Intel’s first practical microprocessor to contain a 32-bit data bus and 32-bit memory address.  Through 32-bit address bus, 80386 addressed up to 4G bytes of memory.  1G memory = 1024M, or 1,073,741,824 locations  Data bus width of 32 bits The 80486 Microprocessor 16  In 1989 Intel released the 80486  Highly integrated package  80386-like microprocessor  80387-like numeric coprocessor  8K-byte cache memory system  Internal structure of 80486 modified so about half of its instructions executed in one clock instead of two clocks.  Data and address buses width of 32 bits The Pentium Microprocessor 17  Introduced in 1993, Pentium was similar to 80386 and 80486 microprocessors.  Originally labeled the P5 or 80586.  Intel decided not to use a number because it appeared to be impossible to copyright a number  Introductory versions operated with a clocking frequency of 60 MHz & 66 MHz, and a speed of 110 MIPs.  Cache size was increased to 16K bytes from the 8K cache found in 80486.  8K-byte instruction cache and data cache.  Memory system up to 4G bytes.  Data bus width increased to a full 64 bits. Pentium II and III Microprocessors 18  Pentium II (1997) represented new direction for Intel.  In 1998 Intel changed Pentium II bus speed.  newer Pentium II uses a 100 MHz bus speed  Data bus 64 bits and addressable memory up to 64G  Available cache 256K (32K L1, 256K L2)  Pentium III Faster core than Pentium II, with clock frequencies up to 1 GHz.  Data bus 64 bits and addressable memory up to 64G  Available cache as 32K L1, and 512K or 256K L2  Two versions use 100 MHz memory bus. Pentium 4 19  Pentium 4 first made available in late 2000.  uses Intel P6 architecture  Pentium 4 available to 3.2 GHz and faster.  Addressable memory up to 64G, with L1 32K cache and L2 512K  Recent modifications to Pentium include a 64-bit CPU.  40 address pins in these newer versions allow up to 1T (terabytes) of memory to be accessed  Also allows 64-bit integer arithmetic.  less important than ability to address more memory Itanium and Beyond 20  Itanium was released in 2002.  uses Intel P7 architecture  a joint venture of Intel and Hewllet-Packard  Addressable memory up to 1T, with L1 2.5M cache and L2 24M  Data bus 128 bits  Core i7 contains 8/10 cores, and 256T addressable memory  Latest intel processor:   intel Core i3, i5, i7 & i9. intel Core X-series (up to 6 GHz)  Latest intel CPU: Core i9-14900K/KF 14 th Gen Desktop Processor Family  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1q3wQ4qIWus (Watch Video) AMD (not intel) has Zen series, Ryzen processors:  Zen 3 CPUs. Ryzen 9 5950X.  PlayStation 5 & Xbox Series X/S use Zen 2 microarchitecture  Customized with some tweaks and different configurations to compare  To what AMD sells on its own. 21 80x86 Evolution Microprocess Bits Year Transistor MemoryData Clock or4004 Width Speed 2 250 4 1971 Count 750 KHz 1K 4-bit 8080 8 1974 6000 2 MHz 64K 8-bit 8086 16 1978 29000 4.77 MHz1M 16-bit 8088 16 8-bit 1979 29000 4.77 MHz1M 80286 16 16-bit 1982 134000 8 MHz 16M 80386DX 32 32-bit 1985 275000 16 MHz 4G 80486DX 32 1989 1.2 million 25 MHz 4G 32-bit Pentium 32 1993 3.1 million 60 MHz 4G 32/64Pentium Pro32 1995 5.5 million 150 MHz 64G bit Pentium II 32 1997 7.5 million 233 MHz -32-bit Pentium III 32 1999 9.5 million 450 MHz 64G 64-bit Pentium IV 32/642000 42 million 1.5 GHz 64G 64-bit Itanium 64 2001 220 million 1.6 GHz > 1T 64-bit Dr. Qurban Ali, EE Department. 128-bit Pictorial View of Intel Microprocessors Evolution 4-bit Performance (MIPS) 8-bit 16-bit 32-bit Pentium II processor 64-bit 300 ≈ Pentium Pro processor 200 ≈ 100 Pentium processor 27 80486 ≈ 80386EX 11 80386 80286 80186 80C186 8086 80C188 8080 8008 80188 8085 4004 Dr. Qurban Ali, EE Department. 8088 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2000 22 Core Microprocessors – Conceptual Views 23  A multicore processor is a single computing component with two or more independent CPU’s - a dual core processor with two cores; quad core with four cores. 24 Multi-Core CPU Technology directions: SIA (Semiconductor Industries Association) roadmap 25 Year 2002 2005 Feature size (nm) 130 100 70 Logic Trans./cm2 18M 44M 109M 269M 664M #pads/chip 2553 3492 4776 6532 8935 Clock (MHz) 2100 3500 6000 10000 16900 Chip size(mm2) 430 520 620 750 900 7 7-8 8-9 9 10 1.5 1.2 0.6 0.5 Wiring levels Power supply (v) 2008 0.9 Dr. Qurban Ali, EE Department. 2011 50 2014 34 2016 2017 2018 22 11 0.4 10 7 A closer view of a Chip 26 Also called microchip, Integrated Circuit (IC), … It is a packaged Die 27 Architectural Compatibility Upward compatibility It implies that the code written for an older version can be run on the next version. The converse is not true such that the 80286 code can be run on 80386 but not on 8086 or 8051. Dr. Qurban Ali, EE Department. Reprogrammable versus Embedded Microprocessors 28 According to the type of application, microprocessors can be classified into the following two categories:  Embedded microprocessors and microcontrollers are designed for dedicated applications.  General purpose microprocessors are reprogrammable and can be used in a variety of diverse applications. The general-purpose microprocessors are slower than the embedded microprocessor, which is the price paid for their generality. Dr. Qurban Ali, EE Department. Main memory system – 8086/8088  Divided into three parts:  TPA (transient program area)  system area  XMS (extended memory system)  Microprocessor type determines whether an extended memory system exists. First 1M byte of memory often called the real or conventional memory system I/O Address Space  I/O devices allow the microprocessor to communicate with the outside world - I/O address is where printer or monitor port interfaces with PC  8088/8086 has separate memory and I/O address space  Each I/O port is one byte long  The I/O addresses between 0000 and 03FFH are specified by IBMreserved for system devices  0000H - 00FFH addresses main board components  0100H - 03FFH handles devices located on plug-in cards or also on the main board.  Area available for expansion extends from 0400H - FFFFH. Figure 1–12 The block diagram of a computer system showing the address, data, and control bus structure  Data transfers vary in size, from 8 bits wide to 128 bits wide in various Intel microprocessors.  The address bus tells how many locations can be accessed – from 16-bits to 1 Tera (40) bits – 216 to 240. Data types  Intel processors work on:  Integers (signed or unsigned)  Binary  Hexadecimal  Decimal (and BCD)  A real, or a floating-point numbers:  a mantissa, significand, or fraction: e.g., 1.1, 1.1001, 1.11  an exponent: e.g., 10000010  Sign  A 4-byte number is called single-precision.  The 8-byte form is called double-precision.